{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:50:53Z","timestamp":1760237453293,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP15\/00053; PI16\/00991; PI19\/00744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP15\/00053; PI16\/00991; PI19\/00744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme that deaminates adenosine to inosine, are increased during inflammation. An increase in ADA activity occurs with lower human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load and higher CD4+ T cell counts. We aimed to investigate the role of plasma ADA as a biomarker of inflammation in treatment-na\u00efve HIV patients who received tenofovir or another nucleoside analog for comparison. Ninety-two treatment-na\u00efve patients were included in the study and grouped by treatment, i.e., tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) or Triumeq. ADA activity was measured in plasma and cytokines were analyzed by MILLIPLEX\u00ae MAP-Luminex\u00ae Technology. Plasma concentration of monocytes and neutrophils was measured at 0, 3, and 12 months post-treatment. Treatment-na\u00efve HIV patients had increased ADA concentrations (over 15 U\/L) that decreased after treatment with TAF and Triumeq, though this did not occur in TDF-treated patients. However, all groups exhibited a pro-inflammatory systemic profile at 12 months of treatment. Plasma GM-CSF levels decreased after 12 months of treatment in the TDF group, with a concomitant decrease in blood monocyte count, and a negative correlation with ADA values was found. In conclusion, ADA levels may be modulated by antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients, possibly affecting inflammatory status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T02:48:24Z","timestamp":1589942904000},"page":"3590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adenosine Deaminase as a Biomarker of Tenofovir Mediated Inflammation in Na\u00efve HIV Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8404-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Miguel","family":"Conesa-Buend\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Llamas-Granda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-2003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Atencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"G\u00f3rgolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-2944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Largo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3241-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Herrero-Beaumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ar\u00e1nzazu","family":"Mediero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.11.003","article-title":"Adenosine: An endogenous regulator of innate immunity","volume":"25","author":"Hasko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1101-6","article-title":"Adenosine\u2014A physiological or pathophysiological agent?","volume":"95","author":"Fredholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mole. 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