{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:44:33Z","timestamp":1791927873719,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle is capable of secreting different factors in order to communicate with other tissues. These mediators, the myokines, show potentially far-reaching effects on non-muscle tissues and can provide a molecular interaction between muscle and body physiology. Sarcopenia is a chronic degenerative neuromuscular disease closely related to cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure, which influences the production and release of myokines. Our objective was to explore the relationship between myokines, sarcopenia, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions of myokines include regulation of energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, free fatty acid oxidation, adipocyte browning, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, and general metabolism. A sedentary lifestyle accelerates the aging process and is a risk factor for developing sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, and CVD. Increased adipose tissue resulting from the decrease in muscle mass in patients with sarcopenia may also be involved in the pathology of CVD. Myokines are protagonists in the complex condition of sarcopenia, which is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. The discovery of new pathways and the link between myokines and CVD remain a cornerstone toward multifaceted interventions and perhaps the minimization of the damage resulting from muscle loss induced by factors such as atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1589971058000},"page":"3607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Physical Exercise and Myokines: Relationships with Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17506-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Food Technology School, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8381-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri Adrian Prync","family":"Flato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17506-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Jos\u00e9","family":"Tofano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17506-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo de Alvares","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elen Landgraf","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17506-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Food Technology School, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Rucco P.","family":"Detregiachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Cressoni","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17506-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FOB\u2013USP), Alameda Doutor Oct\u00e1vio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012901, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Tadeu Rodrigues","family":"Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, 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