{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:18:19Z","timestamp":1792725499759,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]],"date-time":"2020-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003715","name":"Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KGM4252021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM4252021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018M3A9H1023142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M3A9H1023142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parabens are widely used in personal care products due to their antimicrobial effects. Although the toxicity of parabens has been reported, little information is available on the toxicity of butylparaben (BP) on oocyte maturation. Therefore, we investigated the effects of various concentrations of BP (0 \u03bcM, 100 \u03bcM, 200 \u03bcM, 300 \u03bcM, 400 \u03bcM, and 500 \u03bcM) on the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. BP supplementation at a concentration greater than 300 \u03bcM significantly reduced the proportion of complete cumulus cell expansion and metaphase II oocytes compared to the control. The 300 \u03bcM BP significantly decreased fertilization, cleavage, and blastocyst formation rates with lower total cell numbers and a higher rate of apoptosis in blastocysts compared to the control. The BP-treated oocytes showed significantly higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and lower glutathione (GSH) levels than the control. BP significantly increased the aberrant mitochondrial distribution and decreased mitochondrial function compared to the control. BP-treated oocytes exhibited significantly higher percentage of \u03b3-H2AX, annexin V-positive oocytes and expression of LC3 than the control. In conclusion, we demonstrated that BP impaired oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development, by inducing ROS generation and reducing GSH levels. Furthermore, BP disrupted mitochondrial function and triggered DNA damage, early apoptosis, and autophagy in oocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1590389020000},"page":"3692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Butylparaben Is Toxic to Porcine Oocyte Maturation and Subsequent Embryonic Development Following In Vitro Fertilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Pil-Soo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38453, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsevelmaa","family":"Nanjidsuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Chang","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong-Seok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7825-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deog-Bon","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38453, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4492-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Woong","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Uk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futuristic Animal Resource &amp; Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Parabens: A review of epidemiology, structure, allergenicity, and hormonal properties","volume":"16","author":"Cashman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermat. 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