{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:53:51Z","timestamp":1793386431237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]],"date-time":"2020-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-18-RHUS-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-RHUS-0012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme whose physiologic function is the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. GAD antibodies (Ab) have been associated with multiple neurological syndromes, including stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, and limbic encephalitis, which are all considered to result from reduced GABAergic transmission. The pathogenic role of GAD Ab is still debated, and some evidence suggests that GAD autoimmunity might primarily be cell-mediated. Diagnosis relies on the detection of high titers of GAD Ab in serum and\/or in the detection of GAD Ab in the cerebrospinal fluid. Due to the relative rarity of these syndromes, treatment schemes and predictors of response are poorly defined, highlighting the unmet need for multicentric prospective trials in this population. Here, we reviewed the main clinical characteristics of neurological syndromes associated with GAD Ab, focusing on pathophysiologic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1590389020000},"page":"3701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Neurological Syndromes Associated with Anti-GAD Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ma\u00eblle","family":"Dade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Berzero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Giry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Benazra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Delattre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Psimaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agusti","family":"Alentorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(91)90044-U","article-title":"Autoimmunity to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in Stiff-Man syndrome and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Solimena","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1159\/000123456","article-title":"Immunohistochemical studies of the GABA system in the pancreas","volume":"36","author":"Vincent","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Martin, D.L., and Rimvall, K. 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