{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:12:53Z","timestamp":1790763173449,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grants31572579 and 31702301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grants31572579 and 31702301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFD0502205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0502205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Emulsified isoflurane (EISO) is a type of intravenous anesthetic. How emulsified isoflurane works in the brain is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore whether epigenetic mechanisms affect anesthesia and to evaluate the anesthetic effects of emulsified isoflurane in rats. (2) Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8\/group): The tail vein was injected with normal saline 0.1 mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121 for the control (Con) group, with intralipid for the fat emulsion (FE) group, with EISO at 60 mg\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121 for the high-concentration (HD) group, and 45 mg\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121 for the low-concentration (LD) group. The consciousness state, motor function of limbs, and response to nociceptive stimulus were observed after drug administration. (3) Results: Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess the promoter methylation of ion channel proteins in the cerebral cortex of rats anesthetized by EISO, we demonstrated that the change in the promoters\u2019 methylation of the coding genes for gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor \u03b11 subunit (GABAA\u03b11), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1), and mu opioid receptor 1 (OPRM1) was accompanied by the change in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression by these genes. (4) Conclusion: These data suggest that the epigenetic factors\u2019 modulation might offer a novel approach to explore the anesthetic mechanism of EISO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"4078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["GABAA Receptor\/STEP61 Signaling Pathway May Be Involved in Emulsified Isoflurane Anesthesia in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingkai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangjun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenlei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.04.018","article-title":"Concentration-dependent isoflurane effects on withdrawal reflexes in pigs and the role of the stimulation paradigm","volume":"194","author":"Spadavecchia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. 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