{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:47:18Z","timestamp":1791848838147,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic meningitis is a dreadful condition that presents additional challenges, in terms of both diagnosis and management, when compared with community-acquired cases. Post-traumatic meningitis refers to a meningeal infection causally related to a cranio-cerebral trauma, regardless of temporal proximity. The PICO (participants, intervention, control, and outcomes) question was as follows: \u201cIs there an association between traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic meningitis?\u201d The present systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) standards. Studies examining post-traumatic meningitis, paying particular attention to victims of traumatic brain injury, were included. Post-traumatic meningitis represents a high mortality disease. Diagnosis may be difficult both because clinical signs are nonspecific and blurred and because of the lack of pathognomonic laboratory markers. Moreover, these markers increase with a rather long latency, thus not allowing a prompt diagnosis, which could improve patients\u2019 outcome. Among all the detectable clinical signs, the appearance of cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage (manifesting as rhinorrhea or otorrhea) should always arouse suspicion of meningitis. On one hand, microbiological exams on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which represent the gold standard for the diagnosis, require days to get reliable results. On the other hand, radiological exams, especially CT of the brain, could represent an alternative for early diagnosis. An update on these issues is certainly of interest to focus on possible predictors of survival and useful tools for prompt diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1591938144000},"page":"4148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Post-Traumatic Meningitis Is a Diagnostic Challenging Time: A Systematic Review Focusing on Clinical and Pathological Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Raffaele","family":"La Russa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"},{"name":"IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniello","family":"Maiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa (PI), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Morano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, \u201cSapienza\u201d University, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Di Bonaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, \u201cSapienza\u201d University, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"De Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Frati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"},{"name":"IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Fineschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy"},{"name":"IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12349","article-title":"Drug-induced aseptic meningitis: A mini-review","volume":"32","author":"Pape","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fundam. 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