{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:50:42Z","timestamp":1783381842122,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Structural and Investment Funds grant for the Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek","award":["#KK.01.1.1.01.0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KK.01.1.1.01.0010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) enriched hen eggs on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in microcirculation, and on endothelial activation and inflammation were determined in young healthy individuals. Control group (N = 21) ate three regular hen eggs\/daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs\/day), and n-3 PUFAs group (N = 19) ate three n-3 PUFAs enriched hen eggs\/daily (1053 g n-3 PUFAs\/day) for 3 weeks. Skin microvascular blood flow in response to iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID; endothelium-dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (SNPID; endothelium-independent) was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood pressure (BP), body composition, body fluid status, serum lipid and free fatty acids profile, and inflammatory and endothelial activation markers were measured before and after respective dietary protocol. Results: Serum n-3 PUFAs concentration significantly increased, AChID significantly improved, and SNPID remained unchanged in n-3 PUFAs group, while none was changed in Control group. Interferon-\u03b3 (pro-inflammatory) significantly decreased and interleukin-10 (anti-inflammatory) significantly increased in n-3 PUFAs. BP, fat free mass, and total body water significantly decreased, while fat mass, interleukin-17A (pro-inflammatory), interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor A significantly increased in the Control group. Other measured parameters remained unchanged in both groups. Favorable anti-inflammatory properties of n-3 PUFAs consumption potentially contribute to the improvement of microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1591938144000},"page":"4149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Potential of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enriched Hen Eggs Consumption in Improving Microvascular Endothelial Function of Healthy Individuals\u2014Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Stupin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Mihalj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolina","family":"Kolobari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"\u0160u\u0161njara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Kolar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Vukovar General Hospital, \u017dupanijska ulica 35, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zrinka","family":"Mihaljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3374-8512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Mati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Stupin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3795-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Juki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zlata","family":"Kralik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-621X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Gr\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordana","family":"Kralik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2939-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vatroslav","family":"\u0160eri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Drenjan\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S330","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction as a Target for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"32","author":"Versari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve endothelial function in humans at risk for atherosclerosis: A review","volume":"134","author":"Zehr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12468-3","article-title":"Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Thies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-7-199904060-00003","article-title":"The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. 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