{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:28:15Z","timestamp":1790112495895,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ6\/00080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ6\/00080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral cavity of healthy individuals is inhabited by commensals, with species of Streptococcus being the most abundant and prevalent in sites not affected by periodontal diseases. The development of chronic periodontitis is linked with the environmental shift in the oral microbiome, leading to the domination of periodontopathogens. Structure-function studies showed that Streptococcus gordonii employs a \u201cmoonlighting\u201d protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (SgGAPDH) to bind heme, thus forming a heme reservoir for exchange with other proteins. Secreted or surface-associated SgGAPDH coordinates Fe(III)heme using His43. Hemophore-like heme-binding proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis (HmuY), Prevotella intermedia (PinO) and Tannerella forsythia (Tfo) sequester heme complexed to SgGAPDH. Co-culturing of P. gingivalis with S. gordonii results in increased hmuY gene expression, indicating that HmuY might be required for efficient inter-bacterial interactions. In contrast to the \u0394hmuY mutant strain, the wild type strain acquires heme and forms deeper biofilm structures on blood agar plates pre-grown with S. gordonii. Therefore, our novel paradigm of heme acquisition used by P. gingivalis appears to extend to co-infections with other oral bacteria and offers a mechanism for the ability of periodontopathogens to obtain sufficient heme in the host environment. Importantly, P. gingivalis is advantaged in terms of acquiring heme, which is vital for its growth survival and virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1592191052000},"page":"4150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY and Streptococcus gordonii GAPDH\u2014Novel Heme Acquisition Strategy in the Oral Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Paulina","family":"\u015al\u0119zak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u015amiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Smalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Daulby St., Liverpool L69 3GN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8556-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Siemi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6140-8144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Olczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12012","article-title":"Microbial interactions in building of communities","volume":"28","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The human oral microbiome","volume":"192","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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