{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:37:48Z","timestamp":1791041868268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatostatin is a peptide hormone, which most commonly is produced by endocrine cells and the central nervous system. In mammals, somatostatin originates from pre-prosomatostatin and is processed to a shorter form, i.e., somatostatin-14, and a longer form, i.e., somatostatin-28. The two peptides repress growth hormone secretion and are involved in the regulation of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas. In recent years, the processing and secretion of somatostatin have been studied intensively. However, little attention has been paid to the regulatory mechanisms that control its expression. This review provides an up-to-date overview of these mechanisms. In particular, it focuses on the role of enhancers and silencers within the promoter region as well as on the binding of modulatory transcription factors to these elements. Moreover, it addresses extracellular factors, which trigger key signaling pathways, leading to an enhanced somatostatin expression in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1592191052000},"page":"4170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Regulatory Mechanisms of Somatostatin Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical &amp; Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Nalbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical &amp; Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Menger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical &amp; Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias W.","family":"Laschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical &amp; Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4068.77","article-title":"Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone","volume":"179","author":"Brazeau","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6142531","article-title":"Sequence of the human somatostatin I gene","volume":"224","author":"Shen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"149","article-title":"Different mechanisms of calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and somatostatin regulation by glucocorticoids in a cell culture of human medullary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Cote","year":"1987","journal-title":"Henry Ford Hosp. 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