{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:52:00Z","timestamp":1790513520379,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to analyze morphological and functional changes of Staphylococcus aureus cells due to trans-anethole (a terpenoid and the major constituent of fennel, anise, or star anise essential oils) exposition, and their consequences for human neutrophils phagocytic activity as well as IL-8 production (recognized as the major chemoattractant). The investigation included the evaluation of changes occurring in S. aureus cultures, i.e., staphyloxanthin production, antioxidant activities, cell size distribution, and cells composition as a result of incubation with trans-anethole. It was found that the presence of trans-anethole in the culture medium reduced the level of staphyloxanthin production, as well as decreased antioxidant activities. Furthermore, trans-anethole-treated cells were characterized by larger size and a tendency to diffuse in comparison to the non-treated cells. Several cell components, such as phospholipids and peptidoglycan, were found remarkably elevated in the cultures treated with trans-anethole. As a result of the aforementioned cellular changes, the bacteria were phagocytized by neutrophils more efficiently (ingestion and parameters associated with killing activity were at a higher level as compared to the control system). Additionally, IL-8 production was at a higher level for trans-anethole modified bacteria. Our results suggest that trans-anethole represents a promising measure in combating severe staphylococcal infections, which has an important translational potential for clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1592191052000},"page":"4178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Innate Immune Response against Staphylococcus aureus Preincubated with Subinhibitory Concentration of trans-Anethole"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0016-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2990-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Wojciuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Wojciechowska-Koszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9499-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"\u0141opusiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Grygorcewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Pruss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9823-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Sienkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-752 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Fija\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-752 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Do\u0142\u0119gowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.147.3.900-913.1981","article-title":"Pigments of Staphylococcus aureus, a series of triterpenoid carotenoids","volume":"147","author":"Marshall","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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