{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:23:35Z","timestamp":1787289815511,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1D1A1B07042585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07042585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our previous studies demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 (PPAR\u03b1) activation reduces weight gain and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Since excess lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues is suggested to be responsible for the development of insulin resistance, this study was undertaken to examine whether the lemon balm extract ALS-L1023 regulates hepatic lipid accumulation, obesity, and insulin resistance and to determine whether its mechanism of action involves PPAR\u03b1. Administration of ALS-L1023 to high-fat-diet-induced obese mice caused reductions in body weight gain, visceral fat mass, and visceral adipocyte size without changes of food consumption profiles. ALS-L1023 improved hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose and insulin tolerance, and normalized insulin-positive \u03b2-cell area in obese mice. ALS-L1023 decreased hepatic lipid accumulation and concomitantly increased the expression of PPAR\u03b1 target genes responsible for fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation in livers. In accordance with the in vivo data, ALS-L1023 reduced lipid accumulation and stimulated PPAR\u03b1 reporter gene expression in HepG2 cells. These effects of ALS-L1023 were comparable to those of the PPAR\u03b1 ligand fenofibrate, while the PPAR\u03b1 antagonist GW6471 inhibited the actions of ALS-L1023 on lipid accumulation and PPAR\u03b1 luciferase activity in HepG2 cells. Higher phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt)\/Akt ratios and lower expression of gluconeogenesis genes were observed in the livers of ALS-L1023-treated mice. These results indicate that ALS-L1023 may inhibit obesity and improve insulin sensitivity in part through inhibition of hepatic lipid accumulation via hepatic PPAR\u03b1 activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1592223417000},"page":"4256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["RETRACTED: Lemon Balm Extract ALS-L1023 Regulates Obesity and Improves Insulin Sensitivity via Activation of Hepatic PPAR\u03b1 in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese C57BL\/6J Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dongju","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunhyo","family":"Jeoong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Formula Sciences, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michung","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"E738","article-title":"Insufficient islet compensation to insulin resistance vs. reduced glucose effectiveness in glucose-intolerant mice","volume":"283","author":"Ahren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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