{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:43:11Z","timestamp":1792456991756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects primarily older women and is characterized by irreversible damage of the exocrine glands, including tear (xerophthalmia) and salivary glands (xerostomia). Secretory glands lose their functionality due to the infiltration of immune cells, which produce cytokines and cause inflammation. Primary SS is characterized by dry syndrome with or without systemic commitment in the absence of other pathologies. Secondary SS is accompanied by other autoimmune diseases with high activation of B lymphocytes and the production of autoantibodies, including the rheumatoid factor. Other cells, such as CD4+ T cells and mast cells (MCs), participate in SS inflammation. MCs are ubiquitous, but are primarily located close to blood vessels and nerves and can be activated early in autoimmune diseases to express a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines. In the SS acute phase, MCs react by generating chemical mediators of inflammation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-33. IL-33 is the specific ligand for ST2 capable of inducing some adaptive immunity TH2 cytokines but also has pro-inflammatory properties. IL-33 causes impressive pathological changes and inflammatory cell infiltration. IL-1 family members can have paracrine and autocrine effects by exacerbating autoimmune inflammation. IL-37 is an IL-1 family cytokine that binds IL-18R\u03b1 receptor and\/or Toll-like Receptor (TLR)4, exerting an anti-inflammatory action. IL-37 is a natural inhibitor of innate and acquired immunity, and the level is abnormal in patients with autoimmune disorders. After TLR ligand activation, IL-37 mRNA is generated in the cytoplasm, with the production of pro-IL-37 and later mature IL-37 caspase-1 mediated; both precursor and mature IL-37 are biologically active. Here, we discuss, for the first time, the current knowledge of IL-37 in autoimmune disease SS and propose a new therapeutic role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1592313643000},"page":"4297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Advances in Mast Cell Activation by IL-1 and IL-33 in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: Promising Inhibitory Effect of IL-37"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pio","family":"Conti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, 66013 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Stellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University of Chieti, 66013 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alesssandro","family":"Caraffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla E.","family":"Gallenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros K.","family":"Kritas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Frydas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Medico \u201cMai pi\u00f9 Dolore\u201d, 65100 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Di Emidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery \u201cG. azzini\u201d Hospital, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Ronconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00100 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.222505","article-title":"Targeting IL-33 in Autoimmunity and Inflammation","volume":"354","author":"Theoharides","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103013440907","article-title":"Tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"344","author":"Kamradt","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.05.001","article-title":"What can Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome-like disease in mice contribute to human Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome?","volume":"182","author":"Peck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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