{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:58Z","timestamp":1792789318326,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008454","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Novel and neglected cardiovascular risk factors: molecular mechanisms and therapeutics"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Novel and neglected cardiovascular risk factors: molecular mechanisms and therapeutics"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation Heart of Mainz","award":["Mainzer Herz 16 & 17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mainzer Herz 16 & 17"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010447","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Herz-Kreislaufforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to ambient air pollution is a well-established determinant of health and disease. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health concludes that air pollution is the leading environmental cause of global disease and premature death. Indeed, there is a growing body of evidence that links air pollution not only to adverse cardiorespiratory effects but also to increased risk of cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite being a relatively new area of investigation, overall, there is mounting recent evidence showing that exposure to multiple air pollutants, in particular to fine particles, may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and brain health, thereby contributing to increased risk of stroke, dementia, Parkinson\u2019s disease, cognitive dysfunction, neurodevelopmental disorders, depression and other related conditions. The underlying molecular mechanisms of susceptibility and disease remain largely elusive. However, emerging evidence suggests inflammation and oxidative stress to be crucial factors in the pathogenesis of air pollution-induced disorders, driven by the enhanced production of proinflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species in response to exposure to various air pollutants. From a public health perspective, mitigation measures are urgent to reduce the burden of disease and premature mortality from ambient air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T13:11:32Z","timestamp":1592399492000},"page":"4306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":418,"title":["Ambient Air Pollution Increases the Risk of Cerebrovascular and Neuropsychiatric Disorders through Induction of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Hahad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiology\u2013Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6307-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos","family":"Lelieveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Birklein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, 55122 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2769-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Daiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiology\u2013Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5503-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiology\u2013Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on pollution and health","volume":"391","author":"Landrigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, April 29). 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