{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:57:31Z","timestamp":1790888251601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":437,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL70562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL70562"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL98746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL98746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL117941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL117941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD097498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD097498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20POST35090000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20POST35090000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate the bidirectional maternal\u2013fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide sole nutrient support for fetal growth and survival. The mechanism(s) underlying pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation remain incompletely understood, but this is associated with elevated estrogens, which stimulate specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent vasodilator production in the uterine artery (UA). The classical ERs (ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2) and the plasma-bound G protein-coupled ER (GPR30\/GPER) are expressed in UA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, mediating the vasodilatory effects of estrogens through genomic and\/or nongenomic pathways that are likely epigenetically modified. The activation of these three ERs by estrogens enhances the endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to play a key role in uterine vasodilation during pregnancy. However, the local blockade of NO biosynthesis only partially attenuates estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, suggesting that mechanisms other than NO exist to mediate uterine vasodilation. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of NO in ER-mediated mechanisms controlling estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation and our recent work on a \u201cnew\u201d UA vasodilator hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that has dramatically changed our view of how estrogens regulate uterine vasodilation in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T12:21:46Z","timestamp":1592482906000},"page":"4349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-8814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0276-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian-Rong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0604-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh","family":"Makhoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald R.","family":"Magness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-bao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-1-73","article-title":"Follicular growth and atresia during the last half of the luteal phase of the guinea pig estrous cycle: Relation to serum progesterone and estradiol levels and utero-ovarian blood flow","volume":"115","author":"Garris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(69)90560-2","article-title":"Uterine vascular changes during the ovarian cycle","volume":"103","author":"Greiss","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. 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