{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:05:39Z","timestamp":1768683939625,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2017\/25\/B\/NZ7\/01304 \u201cPhosphorus dendrimers as carriers for photosensitizers - in vivo studies\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2017\/25\/B\/NZ7\/01304 \u201cPhosphorus dendrimers as carriers for photosensitizers - in vivo studies\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA17140 \u201cNano2Clinic. Cancer Nanomedicine - from the bench to the bedside\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA17140 \u201cNano2Clinic. Cancer Nanomedicine - from the bench to the bedside\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a skin cancer treatment alternative to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This method exploits three elements: a phototoxic compound (photosensitizer), light source and oxygen. Upon irradiation by light of a specific wavelength, the photosensitizer generates reactive oxygen species triggering the cascade of reactions leading to cell death. The positive therapeutic effect of PDT may be limited due to low solubility, low tumor specificity and inefficient cellular uptake of photosensitizers. A promising approach to overcome these obstacles involves the use of nanocarrier systems. The aim of this initial study was to determine the potential of the application of phosphorus dendrimers as carriers of a photosensitizer\u2014rose bengal (RB). The primary goal involved the synthesis and in vitro studies of covalent drug\u2013dendrimer conjugates. Our approach allowed us to obtain RB\u2013dendrimer conjugates with the use of tyramine as an aromatic linker between the carrier and the drug. The compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR, size and zeta potential measurements and spectrofluorimetric analysis. The dialysis to check the drug release from the conjugate, flow cytometry to specify intracellular uptake, and singlet oxygen generation assay were also applied. Finally, we used MTT assay to determine the biological activity of the tested compounds. The results of our experiments indicate that the conjugation of RB to phosphorus dendrimers via the tyramine linker decreases photodynamic activity of RB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T06:11:02Z","timestamp":1592892662000},"page":"4456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["In Search of a Phosphorus Dendrimer-Based Carrier of Rose Bengal: Tyramine Linker Limits Fluorescent and Phototoxic Properties of a Photosensitizer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Sztandera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2189-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Marcinkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9258-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Gorzkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Janaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regis","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France"},{"name":"LCC-CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Zab\u0142ocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza St., 90-363 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Mignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR 860, 45 rue des Saints Peres, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Majoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France"},{"name":"LCC-CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Klajnert-Maculewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 6 Hohe St., 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020, February 04). 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