{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:43:31Z","timestamp":1790063011903,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 DE026874-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DE026874-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DE025865-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE025865-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tooth enamel is the outer covering of tooth crowns, the hardest material in the mammalian body, yet fracture resistant. The extremely high content of 95 wt% calcium phosphate in healthy adult teeth is achieved through mineralization of a proteinaceous matrix that changes in abundance and composition. Enamel-specific proteins and proteases are known to be critical for proper enamel formation. Recent proteomics analyses revealed many other proteins with their roles in enamel formation yet to be unraveled. Although the exact protein composition of healthy tooth enamel is still unknown, it is apparent that compromised enamel deviates in amount and composition of its organic material. Why these differences affect both the mineralization process before tooth eruption and the properties of erupted teeth will become apparent as proteomics protocols are adjusted to the variability between species, tooth size, sample size and ephemeral organic content of forming teeth. This review summarizes the current knowledge and published proteomics data of healthy and diseased tooth enamel, including advancements in forensic applications and disease models in animals. A summary and discussion of the status quo highlights how recent proteomics findings advance our understating of the complexity and temporal changes of extracellular matrix composition during tooth enamel formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T09:05:33Z","timestamp":1592903133000},"page":"4458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Tooth Enamel and Its Dynamic Protein Matrix"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Gil-Bona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicitas B.","family":"Bidlack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"684607","article-title":"Dental enamel development: Proteinases and their enamel matrix substrates","volume":"2013","author":"Bartlett","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14695","DOI":"10.1021\/es503866a","article-title":"Biomarkers of manganese exposure in pregnant women and children living in an agricultural community in California","volume":"48","author":"Gunier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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