{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T01:22:36Z","timestamp":1771896156996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG\/18\/12\/33555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/18\/12\/33555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular calcification describes the formation of mineralized tissue within the blood vessel wall, and it is highly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In this article, we briefly review different rodent models used to study vascular calcification in vivo, and critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the current techniques used to analyze and quantify calcification in these models, namely 2-D histology and the o-cresolphthalein assay. In light of this, we examine X-ray micro-computed tomography (\u00b5CT) as an emerging complementary tool for the analysis of vascular calcification in animal models. We demonstrate that this non-destructive technique allows us to simultaneously quantify and localize calcification in an intact vessel in 3-D, and we consider recent advances in \u00b5CT sample preparation techniques. This review also discusses the potential to combine 3-D \u00b5CT analyses with subsequent 2-D histological, immunohistochemical, and proteomic approaches in correlative microscopy workflows to obtain rich, multifaceted information on calcification volume, calcification load, and signaling mechanisms from within the same arterial segment. In conclusion we briefly discuss the potential use of \u00b5CT to visualize and measure vascular calcification in vivo in real-time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T05:19:36Z","timestamp":1593148776000},"page":"4538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography: An Emerging Technology to Analyze Vascular Calcification in Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Borland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1511-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Behnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Royce Institute, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3366-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila E.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular &amp; Clinical Cancer Studies, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4759-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sherratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Matrix Biology &amp; Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Withers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Royce Institute, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann E.","family":"Canfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00163.2014","article-title":"A current understanding of vascular calcification in CKD","volume":"307","author":"Paloian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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