{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:22:33Z","timestamp":1777476153578,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S025472\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S025472\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000327","name":"Heart Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRP 16\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRP 16\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle wasting represents a common trait in many conditions, including aging, cancer, heart failure, immobilization, and critical illness. Loss of muscle mass leads to impaired functional mobility and severely impedes the quality of life. At present, exercise training remains the only proven treatment for muscle atrophy, yet many patients are too ill, frail, bedridden, or neurologically impaired to perform physical exertion. The development of novel therapeutic strategies that can be applied to an in vivo context and attenuate secondary myopathies represents an unmet medical need. This review discusses recent progress in understanding the molecular pathways involved in regulating skeletal muscle wasting with a focus on pro-catabolic factors, in particular, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and its activating muscle-specific E3 ligase RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1). Mechanistic progress has provided the opportunity to design experimental therapeutic concepts that may affect the ubiquitin-proteasome system and prevent subsequent muscle wasting, with novel advances made in regards to nutritional supplements, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF\u03baB) inhibitors, myostatin antibodies, \u03b22 adrenergic agonists, and small-molecules interfering with MuRF1, which all emerge as a novel in vivo treatment strategies for muscle wasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T16:06:54Z","timestamp":1593533214000},"page":"4681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Emerging Strategies Targeting Catabolic Muscle Stress Relief"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Scalabrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, TU Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Dresden Cardiovascular Research Institute and Core Laboratories GmbH, 01067 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegfried","family":"Labeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Myomedix GmbH, Im Biengarten 36, 69151 Neckargem\u00fcnd, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Scott","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle: A Brief Review of Structure and Function","volume":"45","author":"Frontera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010389","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy","volume":"6","author":"Bonaldo","year":"2013","journal-title":"DMM Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.04.003","article-title":"Cachexia and sarcopenia: Mechanisms and potential targets for intervention","volume":"22","author":"Busquets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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