{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T12:24:41Z","timestamp":1785587081322,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]],"date-time":"2020-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health Research Institute","award":["NHRI-EX101-9935EI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX101-9935EI"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMU-TC108A02-1, NCTUKMU108-BIO-04, NPUST-KMU-109-P002 and KMU-DK105009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A02-1, NCTUKMU108-BIO-04, NPUST-KMU-109-P002 and KMU-DK105009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minister of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-037 -050 -MY3 and 108-2314-B-037 -059 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-037 -050 -MY3 and 108-2314-B-037 -059 -MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have two characteristics of interest for this paper: the ability to self-renew, and the potential for multiple-lineage differentiation into various cells. MSCs have been used in cardiac tissue regeneration for over a decade. Adult cardiac tissue regeneration ability is quite low; it cannot repair itself after injury, as the heart cells are replaced by fibroblasts and lose function. It is therefore important to search for a feasible way to repair and restore heart function through stem cell therapy. Stem cells can differentiate and provide a source of progenitor cells for cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and supporting cells. Studies have shown that the concentrations of blood lipids and lipoproteins affect cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity. Furthermore, the MSC lipid profiles, such as the triglyceride and cholesterol content, have been revealed by lipidomics, as well as their correlation with MSC differentiation. Abnormal blood lipids can cause serious damage to internal organs, especially heart tissue. In the past decade, the accumulated literature has indicated that lipids\/lipoproteins affect stem cell behavior and biological functions, including their multiple lineage capability, and in turn affect the outcome of regenerative medicine. This review will focus on the effect of lipids\/lipoproteins on MSC cardiac regenerative medicine, as well as the effect of lipid-lowering drugs in promoting cardiomyogenesis-associated MSC differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T03:19:27Z","timestamp":1594005567000},"page":"4770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of Lipids and Lipoproteins on Mesenchymal Stem Cells Used in Cardiac Tissue Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2232-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hsiung","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2709-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1994-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Han","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung-Lin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1123-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsuan-Ti","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Chun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8941-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Hwan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144","article-title":"Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel","volume":"38","author":"Ference","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.06.022","article-title":"Small dense LDL cholesterol in human subjects with different chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"28","author":"Schulte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, V.J.V.D., Vroegindewey, M.M., Kardys, I., Boersma, E., Haskard, D., Hartley, A., Khamis, R., and Berg, V.D. (2019). Anti-Oxidized LDL Antibodies and Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100484"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M012963","article-title":"Association of anti-oxidized LDL and candidate genes with severity of coronary stenosis in the Women\u2019s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation study","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04063-3","article-title":"Electronegative low-density lipoprotein increases the risk of ischemic lower-extremity peripheral artery disease in uremia patients on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30243-w","article-title":"Range of L5 LDL levels in healthy adults and L5\u2019s predictive power in patients with hyperlipidemia or coronary artery disease","volume":"8","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.059","article-title":"Pro-apoptotic low-density lipoprotein subfractions in type II diabetes","volume":"193","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, J.-F., Chou, T.-C., Lu, J., Chen, S.-H., Chen, F.-Y., Chen, C.-C., Chen, J.L., Elayda, M., Ballantyne, C.M., and Shayani, S. (2014). Low-Density Lipoprotein Electronegativity Is a Novel Cardiometabolic Risk Factor. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107340"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-011-0139-z","article-title":"Negatively charged low-density lipoprotein is associated with atherogenic risk in hypertensive patients","volume":"27","author":"Urata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1623","article-title":"Effects of Electronegative VLDL on Endothelium Damage in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pol, T., Held, C., Westerbergh, J., Lindb\u00e4ck, J., Alexander, J.H., Alings, M., Erol, C., Goto, S., Halvorsen, S., and Huber, K. (2018). Dyslipidemia and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Oral Anticoagulation Therapy: Insights From the ARISTOTLE (Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation) Trial. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 7.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007444"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-C., Lin, H.-T., Ke, L.-Y., Wei, C., Hsiao, Y.-L., Chu, C.-S., Lai, W.-T., Shin, S., Chen, C., and Sheu, S.-H. (2016). VLDL from Metabolic Syndrome Individuals Enhanced Lipid Accumulation in Atria with Association of Susceptibility to Atrial Fibrillation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010134"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01204-y","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk among the MASHAD study population","volume":"19","author":"Hedayatnia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.331.11699","article-title":"Lipid abnormalities in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Erum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2019.188","article-title":"2018 Guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia","volume":"34","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"6061306","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in patients with a cardiovascular risk and disease at the university teaching hospital of yaounde, cameroon","volume":"2017","author":"Ombotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2014.12.001","article-title":"Consensus statement on management of dyslipidemia in Indian subjects","volume":"66","author":"Chandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2013.10.88","article-title":"Dyslipidemia, Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Patients","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00488","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia in Stroke Pathobiology and Therapy: Insights and Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Menet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/TACG.S202942","article-title":"High prevalence of genetic determined familial hypercholesterolemia in premature coronary artery disease","volume":"12","author":"Pirazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801011","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801011","article-title":"A New Era of Cardiac Cell Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Health Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wernly, B., Mirna, M., Rezar, R., Prodinger, C., Jung, C., Podesser, B., Kiss, A., Hoppe, U.C., and Lichtenauer, M. (2019). Regenerative Cardiovascular Therapies: Stem Cells and Beyond. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061420"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.100.suppl_2.Ii-247","article-title":"Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function","volume":"100","author":"Tomita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0102.101442","article-title":"Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiate to a Cardiomyocyte Phenotype in the Adult Murine Heart","volume":"105","author":"Toma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03517-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: Engraftment and functional effects","volume":"73","author":"Shake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-8932(03)76987-5","article-title":"Utilizaci\u00f3n de c\u00e9lulas madre para la regeneraci\u00f3n mioc\u00e1rdica en la insuficiencia card\u00edaca","volume":"56","author":"Cardoso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000480730","article-title":"Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Proliferate Early in the Ischemic Heart","volume":"58","author":"Klopsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm033282","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.033282","article-title":"Intramyocardial angiogenetic stem cells and epicardial erythropoietin save the acute ischemic heart","volume":"11","author":"Klopsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0697-9","article-title":"A brief review: The therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in myocardial infarction","volume":"8","author":"Miao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0576-4","article-title":"Role of mesenchymal stem cells, their derived factors, and extracellular vesicles in liver failure","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Han, Y., Chang, F., and Ding, J. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080886"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.01.011","article-title":"Cardiac Nestin+ Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhance Healing of Ischemic Heart through Periostin-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization","volume":"28","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8252com","article-title":"Up-regulation of nestin in the infarcted myocardium potentially indicates differentiation of resident cardiac stem cells into various lineages including cardiomyocytes","volume":"22","author":"Scobioala","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00015","article-title":"The Biological Role of Nestin(+)-Cells in Physiological and Pathological Cardiovascular Remodeling","volume":"6","author":"Calderone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Boil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1217-x","article-title":"Bone-derived Nestin-positive mesenchymal stem cells improve cardiac function via recruiting cardiac endothelial cells after myocardial infarction","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1619","article-title":"Periostin induces proliferation of differentiated cardiomyocytes and promotes cardiac repair","volume":"13","author":"Hajjar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladage, D., Yaniz-Galende, E., Rapti, K., Ishikawa, K., Tilemann, L., Shapiro, S., Takewa, Y., M\u00fcller-Ehmsen, J., Schwarz, M., and Garcia, M.J. (2013). Stimulating Myocardial Regeneration with Periostin Peptide in Large Mammals Improves Function Post-Myocardial Infarction but Increases Myocardial Fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059656"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx001","article-title":"Ablation of periostin inhibits post-infarction myocardial regeneration in neonatal mice mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase\/glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2\/cyclin D1 signalling pathway","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0791-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Novel frontiers in regenerative medicine","volume":"9","author":"Keshtkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2017.11.004","article-title":"Exosomes and cardioprotection\u2014A critical analysis","volume":"60","author":"Davidson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2013.01.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes increase ATP levels, decrease oxidative stress and activate PI3K\/Akt pathway to enhance myocardial viability and prevent adverse remodeling after myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"10","author":"Arslan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1110-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote angiogenesis in a rat myocardial infarction model","volume":"92","author":"Bian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e13-09-0516","article-title":"Lipids in cell biology: How can we understand them better?","volume":"25","author":"Muro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Boil. Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6437371","article-title":"Small-Molecule Modulation of Lipid-Dependent Cellular Processes against Cancer: Fats on the Gunpoint","volume":"2018","author":"Srivatsav","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.03.011","article-title":"Identification of functional lipid metabolism biomarkers of brown adipose tissue aging","volume":"24","author":"Gohlke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13642","article-title":"Dynamics of lipids and metabolites during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"92","author":"Juppner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25191","article-title":"Lipidomics of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Understanding the Adaptation of Phospholipid Profile in Response to Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"231","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00115","article-title":"Lipid Mediated Regulation of Adult Stem Cell Behavior","volume":"8","author":"Demarco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Boil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.006","article-title":"Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Metabolites and Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke","volume":"71","author":"Holmes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0090-5","article-title":"High density lipoprotein promotes proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells via S1P1 receptor and Akt, ERK1\/2 signal pathways","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"5","article-title":"Lipid map of the mammalian cell","volume":"124","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0487-4","article-title":"Restored in vivo-like membrane lipidomics positively influence in vitro features of cultured mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells derived from human placenta","volume":"8","author":"Chatgilialoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.E061101","article-title":"Introduction to Thematic Review Series: Phospholipases: Central Role in Lipid Signaling and Disease","volume":"56","author":"Dennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M030650","article-title":"Aging bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells have altered membrane glycerophospholipid composition and functionality","volume":"54","author":"Kilpinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.09.004","article-title":"Linking Lipid Metabolism to Chromatin Regulation in Aging","volume":"29","author":"Papsdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cell Boil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0830-4","article-title":"Influence of cholesterol\/caveolin-1\/caveolae homeostasis on membrane properties and substrate adhesion characteristics of adult human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Sohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0225-8","article-title":"Promotion of human mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis by PI3-kinase\/Akt signaling, and the influence of caveolin-1\/cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2013.01.007","article-title":"Cholesterol loading affects osteoblastic differentiation in mouse mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.08.013","article-title":"Dietary Lipids Modulate Notch Signaling and Influence Adult Intestinal Development and Metabolism in Drosophila","volume":"47","author":"Obniski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rampler, E., Egger, D., Schoeny, H., Rusz, M., Pacheco, M.P., Marino, G., Kasper, C., Naegele, T., and Koellensperger, G. (2019). The Power of LC-MS Based Multiomics: Exploring Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0017.v1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2014192","article-title":"AMPK Activation Mediated by Hinokitiol Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Autophagy Flux","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199707000-00012","article-title":"Steroid-Induced Adipogenesis in a Pluripotential Cell Line from Bone Marrow","volume":"79","author":"Cui","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surgery-American Vol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/03008200009005641","article-title":"Pluripotential Marrow Cells Produce Adipocytes when Transplanted into Steroid-Treated Mice","volume":"41","author":"Cup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"134","article-title":"Bisphosphonate in the prevention of collapse of the femoral head in non-traumatic osteonecrosis","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Formos. J. Musculoskel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0171-1","article-title":"Ethanol May Suppress Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin Signaling on Human Bone Marrow Stroma Cells: A preliminary study","volume":"466","author":"Yeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0803-0","article-title":"Different Differentiation of Stroma Cells from Patients with Osteonecrosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"467","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3991","article-title":"Role of mesenchymal stem cells on differentiation in steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.552737","article-title":"Dyslipidemia Prevalence, Treatment, and Control in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): Gender, ethnicity, and coronary artery calcium","volume":"113","author":"Goff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199711000-00003","article-title":"Lovastatin Prevents Steroid Induced Adipogenesis and Osteonecrosis","volume":"344","author":"Cui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200001000-00030","article-title":"The Nicolas Andry award. The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Steroid Induced Osteonecrosis","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00239-4","article-title":"Lovastatin inhibits adipogenic and stimulates osteogenic differentiation by suppressing PPAR\u03b32 and increasing Cbfa1\/Runx2 expression in bone marrow mesenchymal cell cultures","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02092.x","article-title":"Simvastatin increases osteoblasts and osteogenic proteins in ovariectomized rats","volume":"39","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S84273","article-title":"Simvastatin enhances Rho\/actin\/cell rigidity pathway contributing to mesenchymal stem cells\u2019 osteogenic differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, P.-L., Wu, S.-C., Lin, Z.-Y., Ho, M.-L., Chen, C.-H., and Wang, C.-Z. (2019). Alpha-5 Integrin Mediates Simvastatin-Induced Osteogenesis of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030506"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.09.018","article-title":"Estrogen receptor mediates simvastatin-stimulated osteogenic effects in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"98","author":"Chuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanette, D.L., Lorenzi, J.C.C., Panepucci, R.A., Palma, P.V.B., Dos Santos, D.F., Prata, K.L., and Junior, W.A.D.S. (2015). Simvastatin Modulates Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Proliferation and Gene Expression. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120137"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.03.012","article-title":"Elucidating molecular events underlying topography mediated cardiomyogenesis of stem cells on 3D nanofibrous scaffolds","volume":"88","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.04.025","article-title":"Small molecule-mediated TGF\u03b2 Type II receptor degradation promotes cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Willems","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.189662","article-title":"Combined Therapy With Simvastatin and Bone Marrow\u2013Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increases Benefits in Infarcted Swine Hearts","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Boil."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-4562-4","article-title":"PAI-1 inhibition by simvastatin as a positive adjuvant in cell therapy","volume":"46","author":"Zanette","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Boil. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-011-0737-y","article-title":"Simvastatin augments the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis induced by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Boil. Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/13\/4770\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:47:44Z","timestamp":1760176064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/13\/4770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21134770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21134770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]}}}