{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T02:10:15Z","timestamp":1785809415116,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular matrix protein turnover may play an important role in left atrial (LA) remodelling. The aim is to investigate the associations between matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) and LA volume index (LAVI) and if these associations are independent of TIMP-1 levels. Participants from The Hoorn Study, a population-based cohort study (n = 674), underwent echocardiography. Serum MMPs (i.e., MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-10) and TIMP-1 levels were measured with ELISA. Multiple linear regression analyses were used. MMP-1 levels were not associated with LAVI. Higher MMP-2 levels were associated with larger LAVI (regression coefficient per SD increase in MMP (95% CI); 0.03 (0.01; 0.05). Higher MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels were associated with smaller LAVI; \u22120.04 (\u22120.07; \u22120.01) and \u22120.04 (\u22120.06; \u22120.02) respectively. Only in women were higher MMP-10 levels associated with larger LAVI; 0.04 (0.00; 0.07, p-interaction 0.04). Additionally, only in women were higher TIMP-1 levels associated with smaller LAVI; \u22120.05 (\u22120.09; \u22120.01, p-interaction 0.03). The associations between MMPs and LAVI were independent of TIMP-1 levels. In conclusion, serum MMPs are associated with LAVI, independent of CVD risk factors and TIMP-1 levels. In addition, these associations differ according to sex and within MMP subgroups. This shows that the role of MMPs in LA remodelling is complex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"4944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Serum Matrix Metalloproteinases and Left Atrial Remodeling\u2014The Hoorn Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4608-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline B. C.","family":"Linssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Brunner-La Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper G.","family":"Schalkwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joline W. J.","family":"Beulens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra J. M.","family":"Elders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber A.","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0961-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roderick C.","family":"Slieker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coen D. A.","family":"Stehouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald M. A.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.05.031","article-title":"Usefulness of left atrial volume in predicting first congestive heart failure in patients > or = 65 years of age with well-preserved left ventricular systolic function","volume":"96","author":"Takemoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. 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