{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:50:36Z","timestamp":1790805036374,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the time-dependent deleterious ocular changes induced by urban particulate matter (UPM) in vitro and in vivo. UPM treatment decreased human corneal epithelial cell migration and survival. Fluorescein scores were consistently increased by UPM application for 16 weeks. One week of rest at 2 or 4 weeks led to a recovery trend, whereas two weeks of rest at 8 weeks induced no change. UPM treatment decreased the tear film break-up time at 2 weeks, which was thereafter maintained until 16 weeks. No changes were found after periods of rest. UPM-treated eyes exhibited greater corneal epithelium thickness than normal eyes at 2 weeks, which recovered to normal at 4 and 8 weeks and was significantly decreased at 16 weeks. Apoptotic cell number in the epithelium was increased at 2 weeks, which remained constant except at 8 weeks. IL-6 expression in the cornea of the right eye continually increased for 16 weeks, and significant recovery was only observed at 8 weeks after 2 weeks of rest. Ocular pressure was significantly increased in the right eye at 12 and 16 weeks. Topical UPM application to the eye induced deleterious changes to various closely related parts of the eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T10:35:18Z","timestamp":1594809318000},"page":"4976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wan Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakjoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goeun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeong Jo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil-Yeon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Su","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, 185 Geonjae-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0407-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunoh","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central R&amp;D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&amp;Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.11.010","article-title":"Ambient levels of air pollution induce clinical worsening of blepharitis","volume":"112","author":"Malerbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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