{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:28:45Z","timestamp":1777012125120,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>B cells are considered major contributors to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology. While lately approved disease-modifying drugs like ocrelizumab deplete B cells directly, most MS medications were not primarily designed to target B cells. Here, we review the current understanding how approved MS medications affect peripheral B lymphocytes in humans. These highly contrasting effects are of substantial importance when considering these drugs as therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), a frequent differential diagnosis to MS, which is considered being a primarily B cell- and antibody-driven diseases. Data indicates that MS medications, which deplete B cells or induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype of the remaining ones, were effective and safe in aquaporin-4 antibody positive NMOSD. In contrast, drugs such as natalizumab and interferon-\u03b2, which lead to activation and accumulation of B cells in the peripheral blood, lack efficacy or even induce catastrophic disease activity in NMOSD. Hence, we conclude that the differential effect of MS drugs on B cells is one potential parameter determining the therapeutic efficacy or failure in antibody-dependent diseases like seropositive NMOSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T10:54:46Z","timestamp":1594896886000},"page":"5021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Differential Effects of MS Therapeutics on B Cells\u2014Implications for Their Use and Failure in AQP4-Positive NMOSD Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8092-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Traub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"H\u00e4usser-Kinzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70192-3","article-title":"B cells and multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Franciotta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","article-title":"Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6092","article-title":"Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human b cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis","volume":"178","author":"Duddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. 1950)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.8.3734","article-title":"B lymphocytes can be competent antigen-presenting cells for priming cd4+ t cells to protein antigens in vivo","volume":"155","author":"Constant","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1960.tb13448.x","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of neurological diseases by fractionating electro-phoretically the csf ?","volume":"6","author":"Lowenthal","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.01.010","article-title":"Related b cell clones that populate the csf and cns of patients with multiple sclerosis produce csf immunoglobulin","volume":"233","author":"Obermeier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.10.005","article-title":"Clonally expanded plasma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system autoimmune demyelination produce \u201coligoclonal bands\u201d","volume":"218","author":"Gulati","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/5532","article-title":"Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Genain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"296184","article-title":"Intrathecal igg synthesis: A resistant and valuable target for future multiple sclerosis treatments","volume":"2015","author":"Bonnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071053","article-title":"Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury","volume":"204","author":"Mathey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901496106","article-title":"Contactin-2\/tag-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals","volume":"106","author":"Derfuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90158-9","article-title":"Relative frequency of autoantibodies to myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"121","author":"Warren","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7070070","article-title":"The role of peripheral cns-directed antibodies in promoting inflammatory cns demyelination","volume":"7","author":"Kinzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12271","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica: Clinical features, immunopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"176","author":"Jarius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm047","article-title":"Loss of aquaporin 4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: Distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Misu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00006-4","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"121","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017385108","article-title":"Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"108","author":"Chihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21802","article-title":"Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica","volume":"66","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0764","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"4","author":"Jarius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0271-0","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, course and prognosis of relapsing devic\u2019s neuromyelitis optica","volume":"251","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24554","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica: Evaluation of 871 attacks and 1,153 treatment courses","volume":"79","author":"Kleiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5730","article-title":"Functional consequences of neuromyelitis optica-igg astrocyte interactions on blood-brain barrier permeability and granulocyte recruitment","volume":"181","author":"Vincent","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12118","article-title":"Immunology of neuromyelitis optica: A t cell-b cell collaboration","volume":"1283","author":"Mitsdoerffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517717090","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate for patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"24","author":"Pitarokoili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2019.0049","article-title":"Novel emerging treatments for nmosd","volume":"53","author":"Selmaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lana-Peixoto, M.A., and Talim, N. (2019). Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-mog syndromes. Biomedicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7020042"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","article-title":"Mog encephalomyelitis: International recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing","volume":"15","author":"Jarius","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000289761.64862.ce","article-title":"Pathogenic potential of igg binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"69","author":"Hinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2018). Daclizumab withdrawn from the market worldwide. Drug. Ther. Bull., 56, 38.","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2018.4.0604"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.11.009","article-title":"Cd19(+)cd24(hi)cd38(hi) b cells exhibit regulatory capacity in healthy individuals but are functionally impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"32","author":"Blair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.01.042","article-title":"Memory b cells are major targets for effective immunotherapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102321","article-title":"Soluble baff levels inversely correlate with peripheral b cell numbers and the expression of baff receptors","volume":"188","author":"Kreuzaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38074","article-title":"Elevated serum baff levels are associated with rising anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels and disease flare following b cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Carter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0573-4","article-title":"Cladribine to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317411","article-title":"Cladribine: Mechanisms and mysteries in multiple sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Jacobs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8830-y","article-title":"Cladribine treatment of multiple sclerosis is associated with depletion of memory b cells","volume":"265","author":"Ceronie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286419836913","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419836913","article-title":"Pulsed immune reconstitution therapy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Sorensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsen, M., Bragado Alonso, S., Peix, L., Broker, B.M., and Dressel, A. (2015). Cladribine exposure results in a sustained modulation of the cytokine response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129182"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"117","article-title":"How we treat waldenstrom\u2019s macroglobulinemia","volume":"90","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0212-x","article-title":"Teriflunomide and its mechanism of action in multiple sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Pachner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000403","article-title":"Teriflunomide treatment reduces b cells in patients with ms","volume":"4","author":"Gandoglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.711","article-title":"Teriflunomide induces a tolerogenic bias in blood immune cells of ms patients","volume":"6","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101388","article-title":"Teriflunomide\u2019s effect on humoral response to epstein-barr virus and development of cortical gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.1998_4280","article-title":"The geometry of intercalation complex of antitumor mitoxantrone and ametantrone with DNA: Molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"45","author":"Mazerski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.01.024","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Mitoxantrone promotes differential effects on immunocompetent cells in vitro","volume":"168","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanvillard, C., Millward, J.M., Lozano, M., Hamann, I., Paul, F., Zipp, F., Dorr, J., and Infante-Duarte, C. (2012). Mitoxantrone induces natural killer cell maturation in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039625"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.2.727","article-title":"Selective immunomodulation by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. I. Suppression of b lymphocyte function","volume":"137","author":"Fidler","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.63.12_suppl_6.S15","article-title":"Mechanism of action of mitoxantrone","volume":"63","author":"Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000069082","article-title":"Effects of mitoxantrone on multiple sclerosis patients\u2019 lymphocyte subpopulations and production of immunoglobulin, tnf-alpha and il-10","volume":"49","author":"Gbadamosi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kannel, K., Alnek, K., Vahter, L., Gross-Paju, K., Uibo, R., and Kisand, K.V. (2015). Changes in blood b cell-activating factor (baff) levels in multiple sclerosis: A sign of treatment outcome. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143393"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200404000-00018","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of thiopurine s-methyltransferase and thiopurine therapy","volume":"26","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318384","article-title":"Azathioprine: Old drug, new actions","volume":"111","author":"Maltzman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei080","article-title":"B-cell depletion in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A longitudinal analysis of 24 patients","volume":"44","author":"Leandro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"153","article-title":"Effects of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and steroids on the renal transplant, on the cytologic patterns of intragraft inflammation, and on concomitant rejection-associated changes in recipient blood","volume":"20","author":"Hayry","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000638","article-title":"Application of operational tolerance signatures are limited by variability and type of immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Bottomley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2013.798652","article-title":"B cell homeostasis is disturbed by immunosuppressive therapies in patients with anca-associated vasculitides","volume":"46","author":"Thiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roekevisch, E., Szegedi, K., Hack, D.P., Schram, M.E., Res, P., Bos, J.D., Leeflang, M.M.G., Luiten, R.M., Kezic, S., and Spuls, P.I. (2019). Effect of immunosuppressive treatment on biomarkers in adult atopic dermatitis patients. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16164"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930903019119","article-title":"Immunosuppressive drugs have different effect on b lymphocyte subsets and igm antibody production in immunized balb\/c mice","volume":"42","author":"Perez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.007","article-title":"Juvenile autoimmune hepatitis: A comprehensive review","volume":"95","author":"Sokollik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102372","article-title":"Antimalarial agents diminish while methotrexate, azathioprine and mycophenolic acid increase baff levels in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-960X(92)90028-O","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of, and modes of resistance to, alkylating agents used in the treatment of haematological malignancies","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-009-8149-y","article-title":"High-dose cyclophosphamide for autoimmunity and alloimmunity","volume":"47","author":"Brodsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112922","article-title":"Selective effects of cyclophosphamide therapy on activation, proliferation, and differentiation of human b cells","volume":"79","author":"Zhu","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0603-8","article-title":"Differential effects of cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil on cellular and serological parameters in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"17","author":"Fassbinder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2780","article-title":"B cells in autoimmunity","volume":"11","author":"Dorner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90413-4","article-title":"Development of hypogammaglobulinemia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"81","author":"Tsokos","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3666","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide induces a type i interferon-associated sterile inflammatory response signature in cancer patients\u2019 blood cells: Implications for cancer chemoimmunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Moschella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1373093","article-title":"Fingolimod hydrochloride for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02669","article-title":"Real world lab data: Patterns of lymphocyte counts in fingolimod treated patients","volume":"9","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muls, N., Dang, H.A., Sindic, C.J., and van Pesch, V. (2014). Fingolimod increases cd39-expressing regulatory t cells in multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113025"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.02.001","article-title":"Suppressed pro-inflammatory properties of circulating b cells in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod, based on altered proportions of b-cell subpopulations","volume":"151","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.06.016","article-title":"Fingolimod reduces cxcr4-mediated b cell migration and induces regulatory b cells-mediated anti-inflammatory immune repertoire","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.03.012","article-title":"Fingolimod therapy modulates circulating b cell composition, increases b regulatory subsets and production of il-10 and tgfbeta in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.155","article-title":"Fingolimod treatment promotes regulatory phenotype and function of b cells","volume":"2","author":"Grutzke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514523496","article-title":"Differential effects of fingolimod on b-cell populations in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.10.004","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of adding fish oil to fingolimod on tnf-alpha, il1beta, il6, and ifn-gamma in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"163","author":"Fazeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286419878340","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419878340","article-title":"Reduced serum immunoglobulin g concentrations in multiple sclerosis: Prevalence and association with disease-modifying therapy and disease course","volume":"12","author":"Zoehner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.10.009","article-title":"Fingolimod induces baff and expands circulating transitional b cells without activating memory b cells and plasma cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"187","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30475-6","article-title":"Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (expand): A double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study","volume":"391","author":"Kappos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134251","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134251","article-title":"Siponimod enriches regulatory t and b lymphocytes in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747187","article-title":"S1p receptor antagonists fingolimod and siponimod do not improve the outcome of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis mice after disease onset","volume":"48","author":"Pelz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0494-x","article-title":"The dual s1pr1\/s1pr5 drug baf312 (siponimod) attenuates demyelination in organotypic slice cultures","volume":"13","author":"Schubart","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000398","article-title":"Impact of siponimod on vaccination response in a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"4","author":"Ufer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30239-X","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (sunbeam): A multicentre, randomised, minimum 12-month, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Comi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30238-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (radiance): A multicentre, randomised, 24-month, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0113","article-title":"Natalizumab treatment of multiple sclerosis: New insights","volume":"9","author":"Delbue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-5931(98)80120-8","article-title":"Very late antigen 4 (vla4) antagonists as anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1593-2","article-title":"Natalizumab promotes activation and pro-inflammatory differentiation of peripheral b cells in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"16","author":"Traub","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e292","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000292","article-title":"Natalizumab treatment leads to an increase in circulating cxcr3-expressing b cells","volume":"3","author":"Saraste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327671.91357.96","article-title":"Natalizumab disproportionately increases circulating pre-b and b cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Krumbholz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142108","article-title":"Natalizumab treatment perturbs memory- and marginal zone-like b-cell homing in secondary lymphoid organs in multiple sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Planas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e363","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000363","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 antibodies in patients treated with natalizumab for suspected ms","volume":"4","author":"Gahlen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514556296","article-title":"Natalizumab exerts a suppressive effect on surrogates of b cell function in blood and csf","volume":"21","author":"Warnke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512463483","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid parameters of b cell-related activity in patients with active disease during natalizumab therapy","volume":"19","author":"Harrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513477229","article-title":"Natalizumab treatment decreases serum igm and igg levels in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"19","author":"Selter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000240","article-title":"Immunologic profiles of multiple sclerosis treatments reveal shared early b cell alterations","volume":"3","author":"Dooley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285614563522","article-title":"Alemtuzumab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Key clinical trial results and considerations for use","volume":"8","author":"Havrdova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1334-y","article-title":"Restoration of regulatory b cell deficiency following alemtuzumab therapy in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0676","article-title":"Interpreting lymphocyte reconstitution data from the pivotal phase 3 trials of alemtuzumab","volume":"74","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e654","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000654","article-title":"Alemtuzumab therapy changes immunoglobulin levels in peripheral blood and csf","volume":"7","author":"Mohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02710.x","article-title":"Baff is increased in renal transplant patients following treatment with alemtuzumab","volume":"9","author":"Bloom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9327-3","article-title":"B-cell reconstitution and baff after alemtuzumab (campath-1h) treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1250881","article-title":"Safety of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"McGinley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9092-4","article-title":"Peripheral cd19(+) b-cell counts and infusion intervals as a surrogate for long-term b-cell depleting therapy in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica\/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"266","author":"Ellrichmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.87","article-title":"Therapies for multiple sclerosis targeting b cells","volume":"60","author":"Milo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1347632","article-title":"Ocrelizumab: A b-cell depleting therapy for multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3282f5e08d","article-title":"New approaches of b-cell-directed therapy: Beyond rituximab","volume":"20","author":"Dorner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R167","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2076","article-title":"Differential effects on baff and april levels in rituximab-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Vallerskog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.18","article-title":"The baffling effects of rituximab in lupus: Danger ahead?","volume":"12","author":"Ehrenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38798","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-6 production by rituximab in human b cells","volume":"66","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111675","article-title":"B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of il-6-producing b cells","volume":"209","author":"Barr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Ning, Q., Jin, K., Xie, J., and Ye, J. (2018). Does rituximab improve clinical outcomes of patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0679-4"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.84","article-title":"Immunomodulatory activity of interferon-beta","volume":"1","author":"Kasper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1622","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management","volume":"53","author":"Walther","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-014-0149-1","article-title":"Current perspectives on interferon beta-1b for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Marziniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1111","article-title":"Vla-4 expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes is downregulated after treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta","volume":"49","author":"Calabresi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402029","article-title":"Ifn-beta treatment requires b cells for efficacy in neuroautoimmunity","volume":"194","author":"Schubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2006.06.002","article-title":"Impact of the baff\/br3 axis on b cell survival, germinal center maintenance and antibody production","volume":"18","author":"Kalled","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn077","article-title":"Interferon-beta increases baff levels in multiple sclerosis: Implications for b cell autoimmunity","volume":"131","author":"Krumbholz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4518","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000271","article-title":"B cells as a therapeutic target for ifn-beta in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"186","author":"Ramgolam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.55","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b2 therapy specifically reduces pathogenic memory b cells in multiple sclerosis patients by inducing a fas-mediated apoptosis","volume":"94","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2006.10.013","article-title":"Beneficial effect of interferon-beta treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated with transient increase in serum il-6 level in response to interferon-beta injection","volume":"36","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00204-7","article-title":"Interferon beta in multiple sclerosis: Relationship between sustained serum igg levels and clinical outcome","volume":"129","author":"Dubucquoi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510393771","article-title":"Interferon-beta increases systemic baff levels in multiple sclerosis without increasing autoantibody production","volume":"17","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4665","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate targets gapdh and aerobic glycolysis to modulate immunity","volume":"360","author":"Kornberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12711","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate impairs differentiated b cells and fosters central nervous system integrity in treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Traub","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601649","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate treatment mediates an anti-inflammatory shift in b cell subsets of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.411","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate alters b-cell memory and cytokine production in ms patients","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26519-w","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate induces a persistent change in the composition of the innate and adaptive immune system in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"8","author":"Fraussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1724","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007262","article-title":"Effect of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocytes in rrms: Implications for clinical practice","volume":"92","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000508","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate as a first- vs second-line therapy in ms: Focus on b cells","volume":"5","author":"Najjar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518790417","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate therapy suppresses b cell responses and follicular helper t cells in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Sellebjerg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01097","article-title":"Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is characterized by a t follicular cell pro-inflammatory shift, reverted by dimethyl fumarate treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cunill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0245-z","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate 40 mg\/ml in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"29","author":"McKeage","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e698","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000698","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate immune modulates b-cell antigen presentation in treatment of ms","volume":"7","author":"Hausler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1472","article-title":"The effect of glatiramer acetate therapy on functional properties of b cells from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Ireland","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.05.001","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of immuno-metabolic parameters in multiple sclerosis patients during treatment with glatiramer acetate","volume":"64","author":"Carrieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0567-8","article-title":"Impact of glatiramer acetate on b cell-mediated pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Kuerten","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801235","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate stimulates regulatory b cell functions","volume":"202","author":"Amrouche","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510380416","article-title":"Preferential increase of b-cell activating factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of neuromyelitis optica in a white population","volume":"16","author":"Brill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.09.015","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (nmosd) in iran: A consensus guideline and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Sahraian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7169-7","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: Recommendations of the neuromyelitis optica study group (nemos)","volume":"261","author":"Trebst","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.7.957","article-title":"Study of mitoxantrone for the treatment of recurrent neuromyelitis optica (devic disease)","volume":"63","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.322","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303121","article-title":"Efficacy of mitoxantrone in neuromyelitis optica spectrum: Clinical and neuroradiological study","volume":"84","author":"Cabre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03066.x","article-title":"Efns guidelines on diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"17","author":"Sellner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2012.06.002","article-title":"Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: Review and recommendations","volume":"1","author":"Kimbrough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.02.012","article-title":"Analysis of the treatment of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"351","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514525870","article-title":"Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: A multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK","volume":"20","author":"Elsone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609344375","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis: Scientific rationale, history and novel treatment paradigms","volume":"2","author":"Awad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.7885","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"52","author":"Yaguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"172","article-title":"Immunoablative cyclophosphamide for refractory lupus-related neuromyelitis optica","volume":"35","author":"Mok","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.49.902","article-title":"Treatment of nmo","volume":"49","author":"Saida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.03.004","article-title":"Fingolimod-induced leukoencephalopathy in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"7","author":"Yoshii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.53.513","article-title":"A case of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder developing a fulminant course with multiple white-matter lesions following fingolimod treatment","volume":"53","author":"Izaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00782","article-title":"Rebound after fingolimod and a single daclizumab injection in a patient retrospectively diagnosed with nmo spectrum disorder-mri apparent diffusion coefficient maps in differential diagnosis of demyelinating cns disorders","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.216","article-title":"Failure of natalizumab to prevent relapses in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"69","author":"Kleiter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.01.035","article-title":"Catastrophic brain relapse in seronegative nmo after a single dose of natalizumab","volume":"339","author":"Kitley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511421185","article-title":"Massive astrocyte destruction in neuromyelitis optica despite natalizumab therapy","volume":"18","author":"Barnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000208","article-title":"Failure of alemtuzumab as a rescue in a nmosd patient treated with rituximab","volume":"3","author":"Kowarik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"148","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease after treatment with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Tsourdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000034","article-title":"Massive cns monocytic infiltration at autopsy in an alemtuzumab-treated patient with nmo","volume":"1","author":"Gelfand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8771-5","article-title":"Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with rituximab: A 2-year prospective multicenter study","volume":"265","author":"Cabre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000268","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rituximab: Experience of a single multiple sclerosis center","volume":"41","author":"Alldredge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, F., Chai, B., Gu, C., Wu, R., Dong, T., Yao, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2019). Effectiveness of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica: A meta-analysis. BMC Neurol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1261-2"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512439439","article-title":"Does interferon beta treatment exacerbate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder?","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512459290","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of beta-interferon in thai patients with demyelinating diseases","volume":"19","author":"Jarernsook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.01.019","article-title":"Antibodies against interferon-beta in neuromyelitis optica patients","volume":"339","author":"Asgari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.188","article-title":"Interferon beta treatment in neuromyelitis optica: Increase in relapses and aquaporin 4 antibody titers","volume":"67","author":"Palace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000227277","article-title":"Interferon-beta(1b) treatment in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"62","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K.C., Lin, K.H., Lee, T.C., Lee, C.L., Chen, S.Y., Chen, S.J., Chin, L.T., and Tsai, C.P. (2014). Poor responses to interferon-beta treatment in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis with long spinal cord lesions. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098192"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02897.x","article-title":"Different responses to interferon beta-1b treatment in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Uzawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.10.008","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b exacerbates multiple sclerosis with severe optic nerve and spinal cord demyelination","volume":"252","author":"Warabi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.09.011","article-title":"Severe disease exacerbation in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder during treatment with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"26","author":"Popiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517694086","article-title":"Catastrophic relapses following initiation of dimethyl fumarate in two patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Yamout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7991-1","article-title":"Efficacy of glatiramer acetate in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"263","author":"Ayzenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-315603","article-title":"Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Efficacy and predictors of response","volume":"88","author":"Stellmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: Distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12220","article-title":"Natalizumab analogon therapy is effective in a b cell-dependent multiple sclerosis model","volume":"41","author":"Hausler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.4.662","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ii. Mri analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ubc ms\/mri study group and the ifnb multiple sclerosis study group","volume":"43","author":"Paty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512454771","article-title":"Impaired regulatory function and enhanced intrathecal activation of b cells in neuromyelitis optica: Distinct from multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Quan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.03.016","article-title":"The immune balance between memory and regulatory b cells in nmo and the changes of the balance after methylprednisolone or rituximab therapy","volume":"282","author":"Quan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.154","article-title":"Repeated treatment with rituximab based on the assessment of peripheral circulating memory b cells in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica over 2 years","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.01.025","article-title":"Monitoring cd27+ memory b-cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients treated with rituximab: Results from a bicentric study","volume":"373","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-018-0101-4","article-title":"Only follow-up of memory b cells helps monitor rituximab administration to patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"7","author":"Lebrun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.3071","article-title":"A 5-year follow-up of rituximab treatment in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"159","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids on b-cell subpopulations in patients with igg4-related disease","volume":"37","author":"Lanzillotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1231-2","article-title":"Circulating plasmablasts\/plasma cells: A potential biomarker for igg4-related disease","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.418","article-title":"Cns aquaporin-4-specific b cells connect with multiple b-cell compartments in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"4","author":"Kowarik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3153","article-title":"Il-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.060772","article-title":"Increase of b cell-activating factor of the tnf family (baff) after rituximab treatment: Insights into a new regulating system of baff production","volume":"66","author":"Lavie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0","article-title":"Mog-igg in nmo and related disorders: A multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome","volume":"13","author":"Jarius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.12.011","article-title":"Transient increases in anti-aquaporin-4 antibody titers following rituximab treatment in neuromyelitis optica, in association with elevated serum baff levels","volume":"18","author":"Nakashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001708","article-title":"Baff receptor signaling aids the differentiation of immature b cells into transitional b cells following tonic bcr signaling","volume":"185","author":"Rowland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9709-9","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid baff and april levels in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis patients during relapse","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00079-2","article-title":"Reduced competitiveness of autoantigen-engaged b cells due to increased dependence on baff","volume":"20","author":"Lesley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.33","article-title":"The baff\/april system in sle pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Vincent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01002.x","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica: A distinct demyelinating disease of the central nervous system","volume":"118","author":"Argyriou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12810","article-title":"Baff inhibition in sle-is tolerance restored?","volume":"292","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxl080","article-title":"A baff antagonist suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting cell-mediated and humoral immune responses","volume":"18","author":"Huntington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Xia, Z., Lan, Q., Wang, J., Su, W., Han, Y.P., Fan, H., Liu, Z., Stohl, W., and Zheng, S.G. (2011). Baff promotes th17 cells and aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023629"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70028-6","article-title":"Atacicept in multiple sclerosis (atams): A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial","volume":"13","author":"Kappos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.02.019","article-title":"Aton: Results from a phase ii randomized trial of the b-cell-targeting agent atacicept in patients with optic neuritis","volume":"351","author":"Sergott","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"2052","article-title":"Il-21 drives secondary autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis, following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion with alemtuzumab (campath-1h)","volume":"119","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.05.010","article-title":"Low dose fumaric acid esters are effective in a mouse model of spontaneous chronic encephalomyelitis","volume":"285","author":"Demir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral bg-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral bg-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70329-0","article-title":"Intravenous immune globulin (10% caprylate-chromatography purified) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (ice study): A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2012.03.014","article-title":"The effect of intravenous immunoglobulin on neuromyelitis optica","volume":"28","author":"Magraner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513495938","article-title":"Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica: Experience in 10 patients","volume":"20","author":"Elsone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515581438","article-title":"Treatment of acute relapses in neuromyelitis optica: Steroids alone versus steroids plus plasma exchange","volume":"22","author":"Abboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506071174","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in nmo-igg-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica","volume":"13","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316286","article-title":"Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of nmo spectrum disorders","volume":"89","author":"Bonnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.07.001","article-title":"Editorial on: Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"33","author":"Pardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747","article-title":"Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"381","author":"Yamamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3","article-title":"Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (n-momentum): A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"394","author":"Cree","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.07.016","article-title":"Eculizumab epitope on complement c5: Progress towards a better understanding of the mechanism of action","volume":"77","author":"Brachet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122942","article-title":"Membrane assembly of aquaporin-4 autoantibodies regulates classical complement activation in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"129","author":"Soltys","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0875-9","article-title":"Eculizumab: A review in generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"78","author":"Dhillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866","article-title":"Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"381","author":"Pittock","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2012.04.001","article-title":"Eculizumab therapy results in rapid and sustained decreases in markers of thrombin generation and inflammation in patients with pnh independent of its effects on hemolysis and microparticle formation","volume":"130","author":"Weitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.11.009","article-title":"Eculizumab treatment modifies the immune profile of pnh patients","volume":"217","author":"Alfinito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_225","unstructured":"(2006). Ravulizumab, Drugs and Lactation Database (Lactmed)."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Gallagher, S., Monson, N.L., Herbst, R., and Wang, Y. (2016). Inebilizumab, a b cell-depleting anti-cd19 antibody for the treatment of autoimmune neurological diseases: Insights from preclinical studies. J. Clin. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120107"},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"e1805","article-title":"Subcutaneous ofatumumab in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The mirror study","volume":"90","author":"Grove","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1246","article-title":"Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-cd20 therapy","volume":"70","author":"Ayzenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516672015","article-title":"Increased cerebrospinal fluid metalloproteinase-2 and interleukin-6 are associated with albumin quotient in neuromyelitis optica: Their possible role on blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"23","author":"Uchida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12099","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705268104","article-title":"Il-6-dependent and -independent pathways in the development of interleukin 17-producing t helper cells","volume":"104","author":"Kimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000317","article-title":"Efficacy of the anti-il-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica: A pilot study","volume":"82","author":"Araki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0533","article-title":"Long-term therapy with interleukin 6 receptor blockade in highly active neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"72","author":"Ringelstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Ectrims 2019 committees. Mult. Scler., 25, 1\u20132.","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519872424"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, R.A., Quaresma, C., Vieira, A.R., Goncalves, M.J., Polido-Pereira, J., Romao, V.C., Martins, N., Canhao, H., and Fonseca, J.E. (2017). B-cell phenotype and igd-cd27- memory b cells are affected by tnf-inhibitors and tocilizumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182927"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22862","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22862","article-title":"The clinical value of hematological markers in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30242","article-title":"In vivo effects of the anti-interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab on the b cell compartment","volume":"63","author":"Roll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5606\/ArchRheumatol.2018.6753","article-title":"Effects of tocilizumab therapy on serum interleukin-33 and interleukin-6 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1691","article-title":"Antibody recycling by engineered ph-dependent antigen binding improves the duration of antigen neutralization","volume":"28","author":"Igawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12085","article-title":"Biology of aqp4 and anti-aqp4 antibody: Therapeutic implications for nmo","volume":"23","author":"Verkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2017.1398236","article-title":"The aquaporin-4 water channel as a potential drug target in neurological disorders","volume":"21","author":"Verkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107827","article-title":"Affinity-matured \u2018aquaporumab\u2019 anti-aquaporin-4 antibody for therapy of seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"162","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22686","article-title":"Neutrophil protease inhibition reduces neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin g-induced damage in mouse brain","volume":"71","author":"Saadoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512440060","article-title":"Protective effect of an elastase inhibitor in a neuromyelitis optica-like disease driven by a peptide of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein","volume":"18","author":"Herges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.038","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: Results from 211 lumbar punctures","volume":"306","author":"Jarius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67554","article-title":"Eosinophil pathogenicity mechanisms and therapeutics in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.10.074","article-title":"Serum anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder presenting as acute eosinophilic encephalomyelitis","volume":"48","author":"Muroishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e441","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000441","article-title":"Open-label, add-on trial of cetirizine for neuromyelitis optica","volume":"5","author":"Fabian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1336","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316271","article-title":"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neurological diseases","volume":"89","author":"Burman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.38","article-title":"Failure of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to prevent relapse of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"68","author":"Matiello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/14\/5021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:03Z","timestamp":1760176143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/14\/5021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"references-count":250,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21145021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21145021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]}}}