{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:56:48Z","timestamp":1785769008438,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002674","name":"RAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["program for fundamental research SSC RF \u2013 IBMP RAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["program for fundamental research SSC RF \u2013 IBMP RAS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002674","name":"RAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["program \u201cPostgenomic technologies and perspective solutions in the biomedicine\u201d of the RAS Presidium"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["program \u201cPostgenomic technologies and perspective solutions in the biomedicine\u201d of the RAS Presidium"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015526","name":"Ministry of science and education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For deep space exploration, reproductive health must be maintained to preserve the species. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of changes in gravity on male germ cells remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of simulated micro- and hypergravity on mouse sperm motility and the mechanisms of this change. For 1, 3 and 6 h, mouse sperm samples isolated from the caudal epididymis were subjected to simulated microgravity using a random position machine and 2g hypergravity using a centrifuge. The experimental samples were compared with static and dynamic controls. The sperm motility and the percentage of motile sperm were determined using microscopy and video analysis, cell respiration was determined by polarography, the protein content was assessed by Western blotting and the mRNA levels were determined using qRT-PCR. The results indicated that hypergravity conditions led to more significant changes than simulated microgravity conditions: after 1 h, the speed of sperm movement decreased, and after 3 h, the number of motile cells began to decrease. Under the microgravity model, the speed of movement did not change, but the motile spermatozoa decreased after 6 h of exposure. These changes are likely associated with a change in the structure of the microtubule cytoskeleton, and changes in the energy supply are an adaptive reaction to changes in sperm motility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1594981322000},"page":"5054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Sperm Motility of Mice under Simulated Microgravity and Hypergravity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Ogneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Usik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay S.","family":"Biryukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliya S.","family":"Zhdankina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Reproductive function of the male rat after a flight on the Kosmos-1129 biosatellite","volume":"16","author":"Serova","year":"1982","journal-title":"Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01583-1","article-title":"Effects of simulated microgravity on mammalian fertilization and preimplantation embryonic development in vitro","volume":"74","author":"Kojima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schenker, E., and Forkheim, K. (1998, January 18). Mammalian mice embryo early development in weightlessness environment on STS 80 space flight. Proceedings of the American Society of Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSR), Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Wu, Y., Weng, Y., Xu, Z., Chen, W., Zheng, D., Lin, W., Liu, J., and Zhou, Y. (2017). In vitro growth of mouse preantral follicles under simulated microgravity. J. Vis. Exp., 130.","DOI":"10.3791\/55641-v"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.9001.s43","article-title":"Microgravity alters protein phosphorylation changes during initiation of sea urchin sperm motility","volume":"13","author":"Tash","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701425114","article-title":"Healthy offspring from freeze-dried mouse spermatozoa held on the International Space Station for 9 months","volume":"114","author":"Wakayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effect of weightlessness on the reproductive system of mammals","volume":"23","author":"Serova","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"5","article-title":"Adaptive potentials of mammals under conditions of weightlessness","volume":"30","author":"Serova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aviakosm. Ekolog. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00931.2001","article-title":"Long-term (6-wk) hindlimb suspension inhibits spermatogenesis in adult male rats","volume":"92","author":"Tash","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1159\/000495235","article-title":"Cytoskeleton Structure in Mouse Sperm and Testes after 30 Days of Hindlimb Unloading and 12 Hours of Recovery","volume":"51","author":"Usik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0578.2005.00092.x","article-title":"Human sperm motility in a microgravity environment","volume":"4","author":"Ikeuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.48.1.23","article-title":"Populations of rat skeletal muscle mitochondria after exercise and immobilization","volume":"48","author":"Krieger","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1998.0798","article-title":"Muscle unloading induces slow to fast transitions in myofibrillar but not mitochondrial properties. Relevance to skeletal muscle abnormalities in heart failure","volume":"30","author":"Bigard","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogneva, I.V., Mirzoev, T.M., Biryukov, N.S., Veselova, O.M., and Larina, I.M. (2012). Structure and functional characteristics of rat\u2019s left ventricle cardiomyocytes under antiorthostatic suspension of various duration and subsequent reloading. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/659869"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.21103\/Article4_3_ER1","article-title":"Cell respiration of rat cardiomyocytes and soleus muscle fibers under ultra-short-term antiorthostatic suspension","volume":"4","author":"Ogneva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogneva, I.V. (2013). Cell mechanosensitivity: Mechanical properties and interaction with gravitational field. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/598461"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2010.01.003","article-title":"The sites and topology of mitochondrial superoxide production","volume":"45","author":"Brand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Meo, S., Reed, T.T., Venditti, P., and Victor, V.M. (2016). Role of ROS and RNS Sources in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1245049"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000475016","article-title":"A method of human semen centrifugation to minimize the iatrogenic sperm injuries caused by reactive oxygen species","volume":"28","author":"Shekarriz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1071\/RD12212","article-title":"Effects of various physical stress factors on mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species in rat spermatozoa","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.02.016","article-title":"Reduction of centrifugation force in discontinuous percoll gradients increases in vitro fertilization rates without reducing bovine sperm recovery","volume":"146","author":"Leivas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2015.1115915","article-title":"Effects of mechanical stresses on sperm function and fertilization rate in mice","volume":"62","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2017.1294214","article-title":"Effect of density gradient centrifugation on reactive oxygen species in human semen","volume":"63","author":"Takeshima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.03.024","article-title":"The sperm mitochondrion: Organelle of many functions","volume":"194","author":"Moraes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)70065-4","article-title":"Heterogeneity of ADP diffusion and regulation of respiration in cardiac cells","volume":"84","author":"Saks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01288-5","article-title":"Tubulin folding cofactors: Half of dozen for a dimer","volume":"12","author":"Szymanski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(88)90103-X","article-title":"Autoregulated instability of tubulin mRNAs: A novel eukaryotic regulatory mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Cleveland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/358245a0","article-title":"TCP1 complex is a molecular chaperone in tubulin biogenesis","volume":"358","author":"Yaffe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-07-0544","article-title":"TOGp, the human homolog of XMAP215\/Dis1, is required for centrosome integrity, spindle pole organization, and bipolar spindle assembly","volume":"15","author":"Cassimeris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1104","article-title":"The effect of weightlessness on cytoskeleton architecture and proliferation of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7","volume":"15","author":"Vassy","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02415-0","article-title":"Clinorotation-induced weightlessness influences the cytoskeleton of glial cells in culture","volume":"934","author":"Uva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(03)90399-1","article-title":"Function of the cytoskeleton in gravisensing during spaceflight","volume":"32","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-006-0202-2","article-title":"Effects of altered gravity on the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells","volume":"229","author":"Rosner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32418","article-title":"Impact of simulated microgravity on cytoskeleton and viscoelastic properties of endothelial cell","volume":"6","author":"Janmaleki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8364","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.140029597","article-title":"Microtubule self-organization is gravity-dependent","volume":"97","author":"Papaseit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2574(02)08014-0","article-title":"Microtubule self-organisation and its gravity dependence","volume":"8","author":"Tabony","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Space Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6357","article-title":"Duration of simulated microgravity affects the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"15","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.02.016","article-title":"Some history and use of the Random Positioning Machine, RPM, in gravity related research","volume":"39","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.61","article-title":"Analysis of mitochondrial function in situ in permeabilized muscle fibers, tissues and cells","volume":"3","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.9.4350","article-title":"Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: Procedure and some application","volume":"76","author":"Towbin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"2","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/14\/5054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:25Z","timestamp":1760176165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/14\/5054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21145054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21145054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]}}}