{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:39:24Z","timestamp":1780468764476,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST107-2314-B-075 -051-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2314-B-075 -051-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011912","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V107C-084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V107C-084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a spectrum of complex fibroinflammatory disorder with protean manifestations mimicking malignant neoplasms, infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process. The histopathologic features of IgG4-RD include lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, storiform fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis together with increased in situ infiltration of IgG4 bearing-plasma cells which account for more than 40% of all IgG-producing B cells. IgG4-RD can also be diagnosed based on an elevated serum IgG4 level of more than 110 mg\/dL (normal &lt; 86.5 mg\/mL in adult) in conjunction with protean clinical manifestations in various organs such as pancreato\u2013hepatobiliary inflammation with\/without salivary\/lacrimal gland enlargement. In the present review, we briefly discuss the role of genetic predisposition, environmental factors and candidate autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. Then, we discuss in detail the immunological paradox of IgG4 antibody, the mechanism of modified Th2 response for IgG4 rather than IgE antibody production and the controversial issues in the allergic reactions of IgG4-RD. Finally, we extensively review the implications of different immune-related cells, cytokines\/chemokines\/growth factors and Toll-like as well as NOD-like receptors in the pathogenesis of tissue fibro-inflammatory reactions. Our proposals for the future investigations and prospective therapeutic strategies for IgG4-RD are shown in the last part.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T06:08:17Z","timestamp":1595225297000},"page":"5082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Cellular and Molecular Bases of Allergy, Inflammation and Tissue Fibrosis in Patients with IgG4-related Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Song-Chou","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology &amp; Allergy, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chieh-Yu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology &amp; Allergy, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Tzung","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology &amp; Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital &amp; National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology &amp; Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital &amp; National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Han","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology &amp; Allergy, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4544-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ko-Jen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology &amp; Allergy, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Shiun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology &amp; Allergy, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Min","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology &amp; Allergy, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Cheng","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology &amp; Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital &amp; National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Youh","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology &amp; Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital &amp; National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4988-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Li","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology &amp; Allergy, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60720-0","article-title":"IgG4-related disease","volume":"385","author":"Kamisawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3765-7","article-title":"IgG4-related disease: A complex under-diagnosed clinical entity","volume":"38","author":"Yadlapati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.94.027","article-title":"Current prospectives on autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related disease","volume":"94","author":"Okazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2020.46.1.3","article-title":"Review of a novel disease entity, immunoglobulin G4-related disease","volume":"46","author":"Maehara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104708","article-title":"IgG4-related disease","volume":"9","author":"Mahajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34593","article-title":"Recommendations for the nomenclature of IgG4-related disease and its individual organ system manifestations","volume":"64","author":"Stone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-011-0508-6","article-title":"A novel clinical entity, IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD): General concept and detail","volume":"22","author":"Umehara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205187","article-title":"IgG4-related midline destructive lesion","volume":"73","author":"Mattoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.010","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"13","author":"Okazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181f7266b","article-title":"IgG4-related disease: A cross-sectional study of 114 cases","volume":"34","author":"Zen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2012.72","article-title":"Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease","volume":"25","author":"Deshpande","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12845","article-title":"IgG4-related disease: Review of the histopathologic features, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic approach","volume":"126","author":"Bledsoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216561","article-title":"The 2019 American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for IgG4 related disease","volume":"79","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oguchi, T., Ota, M., Ito, T., Hamano, H., Arakura, N., Katsuyama, Y., Meguro, A., and Kawa, S. (2015). Investigation of susceptibility genes triggering lacrimal\/salivary gland lesion complications in Japanese patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127078"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-3701-3-31","article-title":"Mst1 and Mst2 kinases: Regulations and diseases","volume":"3","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20317","article-title":"Frequent hypermethylation of MST1 and MST2 in soft tissue sarcoma","volume":"46","author":"Siedel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.06.043","article-title":"Hypermethylation of MST1 in IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"463","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.10.017","article-title":"The fibroblasts growth factor-binding protein FGF-BP","volume":"38","author":"Abuharbeid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e686","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.686","article-title":"IgG4-related disease: Association with a rare gene variant expression in cytotoxic T cells","volume":"7","author":"Newman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genomic Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.153","article-title":"A mouse model of autoimmune pancreatitis with salivary gland involvement triggered by innate immunity via persistent exposure to avirulent bacteria","volume":"90","author":"Haruta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2014.01.004","article-title":"Identification of commensal flora-associated antigen as a pathogenetic factor of autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"14","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.200972","article-title":"Possible involvement of T helper type 2 responses to Toll-like receptor ligands in IgG4-related sclerosing disease","volume":"59","author":"Akitake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33386","article-title":"Involvement of activation of Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors in enhanced IgG4 responses in autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"64","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-012-0626-8","article-title":"Toll-like receptor activation in basophils contributes to the development of IgG4-related disease","volume":"48","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343617","article-title":"Activation of human basophils by combined Toll-like receptor- and Fc\u03b5RI-triggering can promote Th2 skewing of na\u00efve T helper cells","volume":"44","author":"Suurmond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1390-6","article-title":"Basophils activated via TLR signaling may contribute to pathophysiology of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"53","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.02.007","article-title":"Orai 1-mediated antimicrobial secretion from pancreatic acini shapes the gut microbiome and regulates gut innate immunity","volume":"25","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.244.113","article-title":"Differences in gut microbiota profiles between autoimmune pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis","volume":"244","author":"Hamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz050","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis mediates experimental autoimmune pancreatitis via activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"31","author":"Kamata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(87)90320-X","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrases","volume":"19","author":"Deutsch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1811(91)90060-B","article-title":"A novel autoantibody reactive with carbonic anhydrase in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Inagaki","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.9.4865","article-title":"Induction of experimental autoimmune sialoadenitis by immunization of PL\/j mice with carbonic anhydrase II","volume":"154","author":"Nishimori","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613065","article-title":"Serum antibodies to carbonic anhydrase I and II in patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis and Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Nishimori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70264-2","article-title":"Autoimmune-related pancreatitis is associated with autoantibodies and a Th1\/Th2-type cellular immune response","volume":"118","author":"Okazaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.047142","article-title":"Antibodies to carbonic anhydrase and IgG4 levels in idiopathic chronic pancreatitis: Relevance for diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"54","author":"Aparisi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.049064","article-title":"Serum antibodies to carbonic anhydrase IV in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"54","author":"Nishimori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000226881.48204.fd","article-title":"Identification of a novel autoantibody against pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"33","author":"Asada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903068","article-title":"Identification of a novel antibody associated with autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"361","author":"Frulloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.141","article-title":"Autoantibodies against the exocrine pancreas in autoimmune pancreatitis: Gene and protein expression profiling and immunoassays identify pancreatic enzymes as a major target of the inflammatory process","volume":"105","author":"Faissner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1030-4","article-title":"Proteomics analysis in 28 patients with systemic IgG4-related plasmacytic syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000417","article-title":"Role of amylase-2A autoantibodies in the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"44","author":"Zuliani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, H., Shi, L., Chen, P., Yang, W., Xun, Y., Yang, C., Zhao, L., Zhou, Y., and Chen, G. (2015). Prohibitin is involved in patients with IgG4 related disease. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125331"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41140","article-title":"Disease severity linked to increase in autoantibody diversity in IgG4-related disease","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salah, A., Yoshifuji, H., Ito, S., Kitagori, K., Kiso, K., Yamada, N., Nakajima, T., Haga, H., Tsuruyama, T., and Miyagawa-Hayashino, A. (2017). High expression of galectin-3 in patients with IgG4-related disease: A proteomic approach. Pathol. Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9312142"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.011","article-title":"Identification of galectin-3 as an auto-antigen in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"143","author":"Perugino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"728","article-title":"Annexin A11 is targeted by IgG4 and IgG1 autoantibodies in IgG4-related disease","volume":"67","author":"Hubers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiokawa, M., Kodama, Y., Sekiguchi, K., Kuwada, T., Tomono, T., Kuriyama, K., Yamazaki, H., Morita, T., Marui, S., and Sogabe, Y. (2018). Laminin 511 is a target antigen in autoimmune pancreatitis. Sci. Transl. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaq0997"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2019.1635493","article-title":"IgG4-related acute interstitial nephritis and the potential role of mCRP autoantibodies: A case report","volume":"41","author":"Pu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renal Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02204.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of autoimmune pancreatitis using anti-IgG4 antibody and patients\u2019 sera","volume":"47","author":"Aoki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310336","article-title":"Pathogenicity of IgG in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"65","author":"Shiokawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03207.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G4: An odd antibody","volume":"39","author":"Aalberse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3730","article-title":"Interleukin 13 induces interleukin 4-independent IgG4 and IgE synthesis and CD23 expression by human B cells","volume":"90","author":"Punnonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.2.722","article-title":"Serologic aspects of IgG4 antibodies. I. prolonged immunization results in an IgG4-restricted response","volume":"130","author":"Aalberse","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04168-4","article-title":"Sensitisation, asthma, and a modified Th2 response in children exposed to cat allergen: A population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"357","author":"Vaughan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-016-0621-x","article-title":"The developmental history of IgE and IgG4 antibodies in relation to atopy, eosinophilic esophagitis, and the modified TH2 response","volume":"16","author":"Aalberse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3555","article-title":"IgE versus IgG4 production can be differentially regulated by IL-10","volume":"160","author":"Jeannin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144603","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of human IgG4 antibodies by dynamic Fab-arm exchange","volume":"317","author":"Schuurman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2005.01.001","article-title":"IL-21 effects on human IgE production in response to IL-4 or IL-13","volume":"231","author":"Wood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1767","article-title":"IL-21-induced isotype switching to IgG and IgA by human na\u00efve B cells is differentially regulated by IL-4","volume":"181","author":"Avery","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.05.009","article-title":"Interleukin-4 contributes to the shift of balance of IgG subclasses toward IgG4 in IgG4-related disease","volume":"110","author":"Akiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.11.3566","article-title":"Serological aspects of IgG4 antibodies. II. IgG4 antibodies form small nonprecipitating immune complexes due to functional monovalency","volume":"137","author":"Aalberse","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"415","article-title":"Inhibition of complement activation by IgG4 antibodies","volume":"64","author":"Aalberse","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2019.40.4249","article-title":"Allergen immunotherapy: Definition indications, and reactions","volume":"40","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, B.J., Davies, A.M., Bax, H.J., and Karagiannis, S.N. (2019). IgE antibodies: From structure to function and clinical translation. Antibodies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib8010019"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3365","article-title":"Advances in the assessment and control of the effector functions of therapeutic antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbener, P., Sch\u00f6nfeld, K., K\u00f6nig, M., Germer, M., Przyborski, J.M., Bern\u00f6ster, K., and Sch\u00fcttrumpf, J. (2018). Functional relevance of in vivo half antibody exchange of an IgG4 therapeutic antibody-drug conjugate. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195823"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0019-2805.2001.01341.x","article-title":"IgG4 breaking the rules","volume":"105","author":"Aalberse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1999.00845.x","article-title":"Normal human immunoglobulin G4 is bispecific: It has two different antigen-combining sites","volume":"97","author":"Schuurman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.10.039","article-title":"Structural determinants of unique properties of human IgG4-Fc","volume":"426","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10302","DOI":"10.1021\/ja203638y","article-title":"Mechanism of immunoglobulin G4 Fab-arm exchange","volume":"133","author":"Rispens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12349","article-title":"Human IgG4: A structural perspective","volume":"268","author":"Davies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.07.038","article-title":"On the role of IgG4 in inflammatory conditions: Lessons for IgG4-related disease","volume":"1864","author":"Trampert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2018.1476915","article-title":"Unique properties of IgG4 antibody and its clinical application in autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.2.661","article-title":"Structural features of human immunoglobulin G that determine isotype-specific differences in complement activation","volume":"178","author":"Tao","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.10.5057","article-title":"Localization of an Fc-binding reactivity to the constant region of human IgG4.Implications for the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"155","author":"Zack","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906013202206","article-title":"The pathogenic effect of IgG4 autoantibodies in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem)","volume":"320","author":"Rock","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12758","article-title":"The expanding field of IgG4-mediated neurological autoimmune disorders","volume":"22","author":"Huijbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S160883","article-title":"Expression of phospholipase A2 receptor and IgG4 in patients with membranous nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13561","article-title":"IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases: A niche of antibody-mediated disorders","volume":"1413","author":"Huijbers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-011-0521-2","article-title":"Proposal for diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Kawano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000188308.75043.e4","article-title":"Autoimmune pancreatitis and complement activation system","volume":"32","author":"Muraki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213331.09864.2c","article-title":"Autoimmune pancreatitis: A systemic immune complex mediated disease","volume":"30","author":"Deshpande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318059b87c","article-title":"Pseudotumors due to IgG4 immune-complex tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with autoimmune pancreatocentric disease","volume":"31","author":"Cornell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1076924","article-title":"Possible participation of IgG4 in the activation of complement in IgG4-related disease with hypocomplementemia","volume":"26","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konno, N., Sugimoto, M., Takagi, T., Furuya, M., Asano, T., Sato, S., Kobayashi, H., Migita, K., Miura, Y., and Aihara, T. (2018). Changes in N-glycans of IgG4 and its relationship with the existence of hypocomplementemia and individual organ involvement in patients with IgG4- related disease. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196163"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14512","article-title":"Unique patterns of glycosylation in immunoglobulin subclass G4-related disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"34","author":"Culver","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283297417","article-title":"Allergic manifestations in autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"21","author":"Kamisawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02453.x","article-title":"Potential value of serum total IgE for differentiation between autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer","volume":"72","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20141684","article-title":"Allergic diseases, immunoglobulin E, and autoimmune pancreatitis: A retrospective study of 22 patients","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12320","article-title":"Prevalence of atopy, eosinophilia, and IgE elevation in IgG4-related disease","volume":"69","author":"Mattoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.3.1280","article-title":"IL-10 and viral IL-10 prevent IL-4-induced IgE synthesis by inhibiting the accessory cell function of monocytes","volume":"151","author":"Punnonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1800076","article-title":"IL-10 indirectly downregulates IL-4-induced IgE production by human B cells","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00455","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-10 producing dendritic cells as a tool to suppress allergen-specific T helper 2 responses","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2017.1416891","article-title":"Comparison of clinical and laboratory features of patients with and without allergic conditions in IgG4-related disease: A single-center experience in Japan","volume":"28","author":"Saeki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.02.007","article-title":"Increases in IgE, eosinophils, and mast cells can be used in diagnosis and to predict relapse of IgG4-related disease","volume":"15","author":"Culver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.03.024","article-title":"IgG4-related disease and allergen-specific immunotherapy","volume":"124","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.11.004","article-title":"New insights into immune cells cross-talk during IgG4-related disease","volume":"198","author":"Touzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201477","article-title":"Interleukin-21 contributes to germinal center formation and immunoglobulin G4 production in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis, so-called Mikulicz\u2019s disease","volume":"71","author":"Maehara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1231-2","article-title":"Circulating plasmablasts\/plasma cells: A potential biomarker for IgG4-related disease","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206605","article-title":"Rituximab for IgG4-related disease: A prospective, open-label trial","volume":"74","author":"Carruthers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8679-y","article-title":"The immunologic paradoxes of IgG4-related disease","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2014.02.004","article-title":"The role of CD19+CD24highCD38high and CD19+CD24highCD27+ regulatory B cells in patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"14","author":"Sumimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R118","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4571","article-title":"B cell subsets and dysfunction of regulatory B cells in IgG4-related diseases and primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: The similarities and differences","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00835","article-title":"Targeting B cells and plasma cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"9","author":"Hofmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"S159","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids on B-cell subpopulations in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"37","author":"Lanzillotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2014.1002968","article-title":"Possible involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in fibrosis associated with IgG4-related Mikulicz\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Fukui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0559-z","article-title":"The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung","volume":"38","author":"Borthwick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-018-0684-1","article-title":"Possible relationship between fibrosis of IgG4-related thymitis and the profibrotic cytokines, transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin 1 beta and interferon gamma: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Masunaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sziksz, E., Pap, D., Lippai, R., B\u00e9res, N.J., Fekete, A., Szab\u00f3, A., and Vannay, A. (2015). Fibrosis related inflammatory mediators: Role of the IL-10 cytokine family. Mediat. Inflamm.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/764641"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02432","article-title":"IL-33\/ST2 axis in organ fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Kotsiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1777-7","article-title":"Association of serum levels of fibrosis-related biomarkers with disease activity in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"20","author":"Kawashiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R168","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4352","article-title":"B lymphocytes and B-cell activating factor promote collagen and profibrotic markers expression by dermal fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Francois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205799","article-title":"B-cell depletion attenuates serological biomarkers of fibrosis and myofibroblast activation in IgG4-related disease","volume":"74","author":"Feeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.07.004","article-title":"B lymphocytes directly contribute to tissue fibrosis in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"145","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puente, A., Fortea, J.I., Cabezas, J., Loste, M.T.A., Iruzubieta, P., Llerena, S., Huelin, P., F\u00e1brega, E., and Crespo, J. (2019). LOXL2\u2014A new target in antifibrogenic therapy?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071634"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perugino, C.A., Kaneko, N., Maehara, T., Mattoo, H., Kers, J., Allard-Chamard, H., Mahajan, V.S., Liu, H., Della-Torre, E., and Murphy, S.J.H. (2020). CD4+ and CD*+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes may induce mesenchymal cell apoptosis in IgG4-related disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.022"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1536364","article-title":"Cytokines produced by innate immune cells in IgG4-related disease","volume":"29","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500971","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and IFN-\u03b1 production are prominent production are prominent features of murine autoimmune pancreatitis and human IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"195","author":"Arai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700060","article-title":"Chronic fibro-inflammatory responses in autoimmune pancreatitis depend on IFN-\u03b1 production are prominent features of murine autoimmune pancreatitis and human IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"198","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-020-01662-2","article-title":"Activation of interferon regulatory factor 7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells promotes experimental autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"55","author":"Minaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42413","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42413","article-title":"Interleukin-33 produced by M2 macrophages and other immune cells contributes to Th2 immune reaction of IgG4-related disease","volume":"7","author":"Furukawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41052","article-title":"Activated M2 mcrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease via Toll-like receptor 7\/interleukin-33 signaling","volume":"72","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R171","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3924","article-title":"Analysis of IgG4 class switch-related molecules in IgG4-related disease","volume":"14","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181577553","article-title":"Circulating na\u00efve and CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"36","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020620","article-title":"Interleukin 21 is a T helper (Th) cell 2 cytokine that specifically inhibits the differentiation of na\u00efve Th cells into interferon gamma-producing Th1 cells","volume":"196","author":"Wurster","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex455","article-title":"Correlation of T follicular helper cells and plasmablasts with the development of organ involvement in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"57","author":"Kubo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cargill, T., Makuch, M., Sadler, R., Lighaam, L.C., Peters, R., van Ham, M., Klenerman, P., Bateman, A., Rispens, T., and Barnes, E. (2019). Activated T-follicular helper 2 cells are associated with disease activity in IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis and pancreatitis. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol., 10.","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000069"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00235","article-title":"T cell polarization toward TH2\/TFH2 and TH17\/TFH17 in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"8","author":"Grados","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.12.1330","article-title":"Clonal expansion of CD4(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"138","author":"Mattoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209139","article-title":"Lesional CD4+IFN-\u03b3 cytotoxic T lymphocytes in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis","volume":"76","author":"Maehara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2017.1280029","article-title":"Clonally expanded cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease","volume":"50","author":"Mattoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2612","article-title":"Pre-existing influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans","volume":"18","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40469","article-title":"A CD8\u03b1- subset of CD4+SLAMF7+ cytotoxic T cells is expanded in patients with IgG4-related disease and decreases following glucocorticoid treatment","volume":"70","author":"Sciorati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.11.018","article-title":"Human CD19+CD25high B regulatory cells suppress proliferation of CD4+ T cell and enhance Foxp3 and CTLA-4 expression in T-regulatory cells","volume":"11","author":"Kessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/14\/5082\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:39Z","timestamp":1760176179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/14\/5082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21145082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21145082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]}}}