{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:02:40Z","timestamp":1760238160761,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have hypertension (HTN). A specific mechanism for the development of HTN in DM has not been described. In the Zucker, Endothel, und Salz (sugar, endothelium, and salt) study (ZEuS), indices of glucose metabolism and of volume regulation are recorded. An analysis of these parameters shows that glucose concentrations interfere with plasma osmolality and that changes in glycemic control have a significant impact on fluid status and blood pressure. The results of this study are discussed against the background of the striking similarities between the regulation of sugar and salt blood concentrations, introducing the view that DM is probably a sodium-retention disorder that leads to a state of hypervolemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T10:14:06Z","timestamp":1595499246000},"page":"5200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension\u2014A Case of Sugar and Salt?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Sondermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3289-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Holecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Marita","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Bastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmar-Christiane","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger Sven","family":"Willenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2018). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care, 41, S13\u2013S27.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S002"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2011.587288","article-title":"Trends in blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes: Data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)","volume":"20","author":"Nilsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30051-2","article-title":"Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: A data-driven cluster analysis of six variables","volume":"6","author":"Ahlqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-005-0177-z","article-title":"The association of hypertension and diabetes: Prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction","volume":"42","author":"Mancia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.72.847.263","article-title":"The diabetic patient with hypertension","volume":"72","author":"Leese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0314-3","article-title":"Blood pressure J-curve: Current concepts","volume":"14","author":"Banach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0831","article-title":"Pathophysiological aspects of Wnt-signaling in endocrine disease","volume":"160","author":"Schinner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1465","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00516.2007","article-title":"Adrenocortical dysregulation as a major player in insulin resistance and onset of obesity","volume":"293","author":"Roberge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-100767","article-title":"How to escape from primary aldosteronism? News and views on an adrenal disorder of salt retention","volume":"49","author":"Willenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.04.014","article-title":"Adipokines in health and disease","volume":"36","author":"Fasshauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e13","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001961","article-title":"2018 Practice Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH\/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1984.246.1.F105","article-title":"Altered osmotic thresholds for vasopressin secretion and thirst in human pregnancy","volume":"246","author":"Davison","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1207","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.6.E1207","article-title":"Osmotic threshold and sensitivity for vasopressin release and fos expression by hypertonic NaCl in ovine fetus","volume":"279","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255117","article-title":"The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: Diagnostic and therapeutic advances","volume":"42","author":"Fenske","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13374","article-title":"Acute effects of salt on blood pressure are mediated by serum osmolality","volume":"20","author":"Kanbay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.34.4.907","article-title":"Blood pressure and small arteries in DOCA-salt-treated genetically AVP-deficient rats: Role of endothelin","volume":"34","author":"Intengan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/308705a0","article-title":"Single base deletion in the vasopressin gene is the cause of diabetes insipidus in Brattleboro rats","volume":"308","author":"Schmale","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1410.041","article-title":"Response of the adrenomedullary system to early postnatal stress in the Brattleboro rat","volume":"1148","author":"Zelena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.4.4.572","article-title":"The Brattleboro rat and salt-induced hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Gruber","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kurlansky, M. (2002). Salt, A World History, Walker and Company."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2014). Taste Disorders, NIH Publication, National Institues of Health. Technical Report No. 09-3231A."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13379","article-title":"Relationship between water and salt intake, osmolality, vasopressin, and aldosterone in the regulation of blood pressure","volume":"20","author":"Armanini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4669-0","article-title":"The actions of SGLT2 inhibitors on metabolism, renal function and blood pressure","volume":"61","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1293039","article-title":"Novel avenues for treating diabetic nephropathy: New investigational drugs","volume":"26","author":"Lacava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-9028","article-title":"From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: A new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"58","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028017689878","article-title":"Lixisenatide: A New Daily GLP-1 Agonist for Type 2 Diabetes Management","volume":"51","author":"McCarty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61969-3","article-title":"Survival as a function of HbA(1c) in people with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"375","author":"Currie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/15\/5200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:54Z","timestamp":1760176254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/15\/5200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21155200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21155200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]}}}