{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T03:07:22Z","timestamp":1782702442691,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K18859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K18859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)\u03b2\/\u03b4 ophthalmic solution were investigated in a rat corneal alkali burn model. After alkali injury, GW501516 (PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 agonist) or vehicle ophthalmic solution was topically instilled onto the rat\u2019s cornea twice a day until day 7. Pathological findings were evaluated, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed. GW501516 strongly suppressed infiltration of neutrophils and pan-macrophages, and reduced the mRNA expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nuclear factor-kappa B. On the other hand, GW501516 promoted infiltration of M2 macrophages, infiltration of vascular endothelial cells associated with neovascularization in the wounded area, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A mRNA. However, 7-day administration of GW501516 did not promote neovascularization in uninjured normal corneas. Thus, the PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 ligand suppressed inflammation and promoted neovascularization in the corneal wound healing process. These results will help to elucidate the role of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 in the field of ophthalmology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T04:39:50Z","timestamp":1595824790000},"page":"5296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Beta\/Delta Agonist Suppresses Inflammation and Promotes Neovascularization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Tobita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104018","article-title":"The Mechanisms of Action of PPARs","volume":"53","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. 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