{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:15:55Z","timestamp":1790835355800,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside which strongly impacts the cardiovascular system. Adenosine is released mostly by endothelial cells and myocytes during ischemia or hypoxia and greatly regulates the cardiovascular system via four specific G-protein-coupled receptors named A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R. Among them, A2 subtypes are strongly expressed in coronary tissues, and their activation increases coronary blood flow via the production of cAMP in smooth muscle cells. A2A receptor modulators are an opportunity for intense research by the pharmaceutical industry to develop new cardiovascular therapies. Most innovative therapies are mediated by the modulation of adenosine release and\/or the activation of the A2A receptor subtypes. This review aims to focus on the specific exploration of the adenosine plasma level and its relationship with the A2A receptor, which seems a promising biomarker for a diagnostic and\/or a therapeutic tool for the screening and management of coronary artery disease. Finally, a recent class of selective adenosine receptor ligands has emerged, and A2A receptor agonists\/antagonists are useful tools to improve the management of patients suffering from coronary artery disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"5321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Adenosine and Its Receptors: An Expected Tool for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Artery and Ischemic Heart Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marine","family":"Gaudry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Timone Hospital, F-13008 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Vairo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Marlinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13008 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Gaubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Guiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13008 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Gariboldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Timone Hospital, F-13008 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Deharo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Timone Hospital, F-13008 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Sadrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Denel-Codifra, F-78150 Le Chesnay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Michel","family":"Maixent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker (URC C.S. 10587) Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"I.A.P.S. Equipe Emergeante, Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, 83957 Toulon-La Garde, UFR S.F.A., F-86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Fenouillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3824-0814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regis","family":"Guieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13008 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Paganelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, F-13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nord Hospital, ARCHANTEC, F-13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1929.sp002608","article-title":"The physiological activity of adenine compounds with especial reference to their action upon the mammalian heart","volume":"68","author":"Drury","year":"1929","journal-title":"J. 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