{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T14:54:06Z","timestamp":1791644046111,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA042524 and R56DE026930 to MM, R01DA042348 to CMO, R01DA050169 to M.M and CMO and P51OD011133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA042524 and R56DE026930 to MM, R01DA042348 to CMO, R01DA050169 to M.M and CMO and P51OD011133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily involves the intestinal tract, mounting evidence suggests that a sizeable number of patients exhibit neurological deficits. About 40% of the celiac patients with neurological manifestations have circulating antibodies against neural tissue transglutaminase-6 (tTG6). While early diagnosis and strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) have been recommended to prevent neurological dysfunction, better therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the overall quality of life. Dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, presence of anti-tTG6 antibodies, and epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis. It is also possible that circulating or gut-derived extracellular structures and including biomolecular condensates and extracellular vesicles contribute to disease pathogenesis. There are several avenues for shaping the dysregulated gut homeostasis in individuals with CD, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and\/or neurodegeneration. In addition to GFD and probiotics, nutraceuticals, such as phyto and synthetic cannabinoids, represent a new approach that could shape the host microbiome towards better prognostic outcomes. Finally, we provide a data-driven rationale for potential future pre-clinical research involving non-human primates (NHPs) to investigate the effect of nutraceuticals, such as phyto and synthetic cannabinoids, either alone or in combination with GFD to prevent\/mitigate dietary gluten-induced neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1596080198000},"page":"5407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Dietary Gluten and Neurodegeneration: A Case for Preclinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4360-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7737-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chioma M.","family":"Okeoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Sestak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"},{"name":"PreCliniTria, LLC., Mandeville, LA 70471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/89.4.683","article-title":"Neurological disorders associated with adult coeliac disease","volume":"89","author":"Cooke","year":"1966","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/89.4.663","article-title":"Vital staining and electron microscopy of the intramuscular nerve endings in the neuropathy of adult coeliac disease","volume":"89","author":"Cooke","year":"1966","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(82)90076-4","article-title":"Degeneration of the central nervous system associated with celiac disease","volume":"53","author":"Kinney","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. 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