{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:52:40Z","timestamp":1789771960611,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council FORMAS, Stockholm","award":["Project 2017-00946 and Project 2019-00288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 2017-00946 and Project 2019-00288"]}]},{"name":"Seneca Foundation (Murcia (Spain).","award":["20780\/PD\/18)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20780\/PD\/18)"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsr\u00e5det, VR)","award":["project 2015-05919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project 2015-05919"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semen\u2014through its specific sperm and seminal plasma (SP) constituents\u2014induces changes of gene expression in the internal genital tract of pigs, particularly in the functional sperm reservoir at the utero-tubal junction (UTJ). Although seminal effects are similarly elicited by artificial insemination (AI), major changes in gene expression are registered after natural mating, a fact suggesting the act of copulation induces per se changes in genes that AI does not affect. The present study explored which pathways were solely influenced by copulation, affecting the differential expression of genes (DEGs) of the pre\/peri-ovulatory genital tract (cervix, distal uterus, proximal uterus and UTJ) of estrus sows, 24 h after various procedures were performed to compare natural mating with AI of semen (control 1), sperm-free SP harvested from the sperm-peak fraction (control 2), sperm-free SP harvested from the whole ejaculate (control 3) or saline-extender BTS (control 4), using a microarray chip (GeneChip\u00ae porcine gene 1.0 st array). Genes related to neuroendocrine responses (ADRA1, ADRA2, GABRB2, CACNB2), smooth muscle contractility (WNT7A), angiogenesis and vascular remodeling (poFUT1, NTN4) were, among others, overrepresented with distal and proximal uterine segments exhibiting the highest number of DEGs. The findings provide novel evidence that relevant transcriptomic changes in the porcine female reproductive tract occur in direct response to the specific act of copulation, being semen-independent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"5477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Does the Act of Copulation per se, without Considering Seminal Deposition, Change the Expression of Genes in the Porcine Female Genital Tract?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Alvarez-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical &amp; Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH\/Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6811-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina A.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical &amp; Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH\/Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heriberto","family":"Rodriguez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical &amp; Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH\/Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitnick, S., Wolfner, M.F., and Suarez, S.S. 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