{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:46:54Z","timestamp":1789753614912,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107471\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107471\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MRC-DTP studentship supported by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and Versus Arthritis as part of the MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA)","award":["MR\/K006312\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K006312\/1"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)","award":["R01-AR067056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AR067056"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01-AT007373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AT007373"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ageing is a leading risk factor predisposing cartilage to osteoarthritis. However, little research has been conducted on the effect of ageing on the expression of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs). RNA from young and old chondrocytes from macroscopically normal equine metacarpophalangeal joints was extracted and subjected to small RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Differential expression analysis was performed in R using package DESeq2. For transfer RNA (tRNA) fragment analysis, tRNA reads were aligned to horse tRNA sequences using Bowtie2 version 2.2.5. Selected microRNA (miRNAs or miRs) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) findings were validated using real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) in an extended cohort of equine chondrocytes. tRNA fragments were further investigated in low- and high-grade OA human cartilage tissue. In total, 83 sncRNAs were differentially expressed between young and old equine chondrocytes, including miRNAs, snoRNAs, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and tRNAs. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed findings. tRNA fragment analysis revealed that tRNA halves (tiRNAs), tiRNA-5035-GluCTC and tiRNA-5031-GluCTC-1 were reduced in both high grade OA human cartilage and old equine chondrocytes. For the first time, we have measured the effect of ageing on the expression of sncRNAs in equine chondrocytes. Changes were detected in a number of different sncRNA species. This study supports a role for sncRNAs in ageing cartilage and their potential involvement in age-related cartilage diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T10:16:23Z","timestamp":1596795383000},"page":"5675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Small Non-Coding RNAome of Ageing Chondrocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Balaskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq M.","family":"Haqqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalda A.","family":"Kharaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4514-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongxiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J.M.","family":"Welting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy J.","family":"Peffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01191-w","article-title":"Nutrition, osteoarthritis and cartilage metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Messina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. 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