{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:51:53Z","timestamp":1784544713904,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia refers to a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function. Because sarcopenia affects mortality, and causes significant disability, the clinical importance of sarcopenia is emerging. At first, sarcopenia was recognized as an age-related disease but, recently, it has been reported to be prevalent also in younger patients with autoimmune diseases. Specifically, the association of sarcopenia and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis has been studied in detail. Although the pathogenesis of sarcopenia in autoimmune diseases has not been elucidated, chronic inflammation is believed to contribute to sarcopenia, and moreover the pathogenesis seems to be different depending on the respective underlying disease. The definition of sarcopenia differs among studies, which limits direct comparisons. Therefore, in this review, we cover various definitions of sarcopenia used in previous studies and highlight the prevalence of sarcopenia in diverse autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune diabetes. In addition, we cover the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcopenia in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of sarcopenia in various autoimmune diseases and highlights the need for a consistent definition of sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T05:07:23Z","timestamp":1597036043000},"page":"5678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Sarcopenia in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hyo Jin","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalthoum","family":"Tizaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Microorganismes and Active Biomolecules, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Terrazzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6242-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Cargnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1511-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keum Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seoung Wan","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3689-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Won","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8047-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5340-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1071-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78000 Versailles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2326-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Il","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Kronbichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00347.2003","article-title":"Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia","volume":"95","author":"Doherty","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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