{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:31:42Z","timestamp":1790901102882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]],"date-time":"2020-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autophagy is a membrane traffic system that provides sustainable degradation of cellular components for homeostasis, and is thus considered to promote health and longevity, though its activity declines with aging. The present findings show deterioration of autophagy in association with premature skin aging. Autophagy flux was successfully determined in skin tissues, which demonstrated significantly decreased autophagy in hyperpigmented skin such as that seen in senile lentigo. Furthermore, an exacerbated decline in autophagy was confirmed in xerotic hyperpigmentation areas, accompanied by severe dehydration and a barrier defect, which showed correlations with skin physiological conditions. The enhancement of autophagy in skin ex vivo ameliorated skin integrity, including pigmentation and epidermal differentiation. The present results indicate that the restoration of autophagy can contribute to improving premature skin aging by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors via the normalization of protein homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T05:07:23Z","timestamp":1597036043000},"page":"5708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Autophagy Declines with Premature Skin Aging resulting in Dynamic Alterations in Skin Pigmentation and Epidermal Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Daiki","family":"Murase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Kusaka-Kikushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Hachiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planning and Implementation, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Fullenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Stepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asuka","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keigo","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Hase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Technology Sector, Kao Corporation, Sumida 131-0044, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ohuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamotsu","family":"Yoshimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Autophagy and Longevity","volume":"41","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. 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