{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:31:57Z","timestamp":1790188317243,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":263,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Target Advancement Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Target Advancement Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy - EXC 2067\/1- 390729940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy - EXC 2067\/1- 390729940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB1286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodevelopmental and late-onset neurodegenerative disorders present as separate entities that are clinically and neuropathologically quite distinct. However, recent evidence has highlighted surprising commonalities and converging features at the clinical, genomic, and molecular level between these two disease spectra. This is particularly striking in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Genetic causes and risk factors play a central role in disease pathophysiology and enable the identification of overlapping mechanisms and pathways. Here, we focus on clinico-genetic studies of causal variants and overlapping clinical and cellular features of ASD and PD. Several genes and genomic regions were selected for our review, including SNCA (alpha-synuclein), PARK2 (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase), chromosome 22q11 deletion\/DiGeorge region, and FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) repeat expansion, which influence the development of both ASD and PD, with converging features related to synaptic function and neurogenesis. Both PD and ASD display alterations and impairments at the synaptic level, representing early and key disease phenotypes, which support the hypothesis of converging mechanisms between the two types of diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms might inform on common targets and therapeutic approaches. We propose to re-conceptualize how we understand these disorders and provide a new angle into disease targets and mechanisms linking neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T07:25:03Z","timestamp":1597044303000},"page":"5724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson\u2019s Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"C. Alejandra","family":"Morato Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zinah","family":"Wassouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faria","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danuta","family":"Sastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago Fleming","family":"Outeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitt","family":"Sch\u00fcle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balestrino, R., and Schapira, A.H.V. (2019). Parkinson Disease. Eur. J. Neurol.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e300","article-title":"Psychiatric Manifestation in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6523","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006523","article-title":"Sympathetic skin response and heart rate variability in predicting autonomic disorders in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"96","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312283","article-title":"Parkinson disease male-to-female ratios increase with age: French nationwide study and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Moisan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3454","article-title":"Multisystem Lewy body disease and the other parkinsonian disorders","volume":"47","author":"Langston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0596-y","article-title":"Diminished tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the cardiac conduction system and myocardium in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An anatomical study","volume":"118","author":"Ghebremedhin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000215","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein and Lewy pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"435","article-title":"Lewy Body Dementias: Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Parkinson Disease Dementia","volume":"22","author":"Gomperts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4029-08.2009","article-title":"Single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons form widely spread and highly dense axonal arborizations in the neostriatum","volume":"29","author":"Matsuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuroanatomy and pathology of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"201","author":"Braak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.132","article-title":"Advances in the genetics of Parkinson disease","volume":"9","author":"Trinh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.12.008","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and Parkinson\u2019s disease: An umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"23","author":"Bellou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.01.001","article-title":"Epidemiology, environmental risk factors and genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Delamarre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Presse. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-017-0015-3","article-title":"Integrated molecular landscape of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Klemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22675","article-title":"Hereditary parkinsonism: Parkinson disease look-alikes--an algorithm for clinicians to \u201cPARK\u201d genes and beyond","volume":"24","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R215","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz183","article-title":"Progress in the genetic analysis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Singleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","article-title":"Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"18","author":"Nalls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135937","article-title":"Environmental toxins and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002","article-title":"Parkinson Disease Epidemiology, Pathology, Genetics, and Pathophysiology","volume":"36","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22721","article-title":"Advances in environmental epidemiology","volume":"25","author":"Tanner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0100-y","article-title":"An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options","volume":"33","author":"Masi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00670","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder: Why Do We Know So Little?","volume":"9","author":"Curatolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61539-1","article-title":"Autism","volume":"383","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00470","article-title":"Synaptopathology Involved in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Guang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-091212-153431","article-title":"The genetic landscapes of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"14","author":"Huguet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1427","article-title":"Longitudinal volumetric brain changes in autism spectrum disorder ages 6-35 years","volume":"8","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.12.005","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of autism","volume":"31","author":"Amaral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06011.x","article-title":"The von Economo neurons in the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"1225","author":"Allman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1736-4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Neuropathology and animal models","volume":"134","author":"Varghese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52498-6_2","article-title":"Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Humans","volume":"224","author":"Ecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.12.009","article-title":"Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"82","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s40142-014-0047-5","article-title":"Advances in Genetic Discovery and Implications for Counseling of Patients and Families with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Genet. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00385","article-title":"Genetic Causes and Modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"13","author":"Rylaarsdam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoghbi, H.Y., and Bear, M.F. (2012). Synaptic dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with autism and intellectual disabilities. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009886"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52498-6_1","article-title":"Anatomy and Cell Biology of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Lessons from Human Genetics","volume":"224","author":"Kleijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76","article-title":"Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism","volume":"68","author":"Hallmayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"118","article-title":"Environmental factors in autism","volume":"3","author":"Grabrucker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1837","article-title":"Basal ganglia and autism\u2014a translational perspective","volume":"10","author":"Subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1159\/000478725","article-title":"A Dopamine Hypothesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"39","author":"Paval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.185","article-title":"Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: A narrative review","volume":"35","author":"Fineberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.07.014","article-title":"Neurological considerations: Autism and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"170","author":"Hollander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9125-6","article-title":"High rates of parkinsonism in adults with autism","volume":"7","author":"Starkstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.06.015","article-title":"Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders without Intellectual Disability","volume":"6","author":"Strang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0846-y","article-title":"Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"19","author":"Postorino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2019.1608830","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in children with autism spectrum disorder and elevated anxiety symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Wijnhoven","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.02.009","article-title":"Depression in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"28","author":"Pezzimenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.03.004","article-title":"Mood symptoms and suicidality across the autism spectrum","volume":"91","author":"Carpita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1465","article-title":"Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders With or Without Intellectual Disability and Depression in Young Adulthood","volume":"1","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama. Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S213917","article-title":"Impact of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A PMDAlliance survey","volume":"15","author":"Hermanowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuquilin-Arista, F., Alvarez-Avellon, T., and Menendez-Gonzalez, M. (2019). Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson Disease and Impact on Quality of Life: A Community-Based Study in Spain. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol., 891988719874130.","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988719874130"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E22","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11100243","article-title":"Relationship between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive performance in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Poletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicoletti, A., Luca, A., Raciti, L., Contrafatto, D., Bruno, E., Dibilio, V., Sciacca, G., Mostile, G., Petralia, A., and Zappia, M. (2013). Obsessive compulsive personality disorder and Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054822"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315277","article-title":"ICARUS study: Prevalence and clinical features of impulse control disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"88","author":"Antonini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00351","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. A Brief and Comprehensive Review","volume":"10","author":"Gatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318942","article-title":"Behavioural and trait changes in parkinsonian patients with impulse control disorder after switching from dopamine agonist to levodopa therapy: Results of REIN-PD trial","volume":"90","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-018-0089-x","article-title":"Impact of Comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder in an Individual with Idiopathic Young-Onset Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Oudkerk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503871","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4503871","article-title":"Significant Changes in Plasma Alpha-Synuclein and Beta-Synuclein Levels in Male Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"2018","author":"Sriwimol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00199","article-title":"Advancing Stem Cell Models of Alpha-Synuclein Gene Regulation in Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"12","author":"Piper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","article-title":"Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism","volume":"392","author":"Kitada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20234","article-title":"Distribution, type, and origin of Parkin mutations: Review and case studies","volume":"19","author":"Hedrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8370","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207072","article-title":"Alterations in the common fragile site gene Parkin in ovarian and other cancers","volume":"22","author":"Denison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1212\/NXG.0000000000000031","article-title":"Is PARKIN parkinsonism a cancer predisposition syndrome?","volume":"1","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20020","article-title":"Parkin gene alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.491","article-title":"Somatic mutations of the Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated gene PARK2 in glioblastoma and other human malignancies","volume":"42","author":"Veeriah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31176","article-title":"PARK2 copy number aberrations in two children presenting with autism spectrum disorder: Further support of an association and possible evidence for a new microdeletion\/microduplication syndrome","volume":"156B","author":"Scheuerle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32173","article-title":"Partial duplication of the PARK2 gene in a child with developmental delay and her normal mother: A second report","volume":"162B","author":"Mariani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07953","article-title":"Autism genome-wide copy number variation reveals ubiquitin and neuronal genes","volume":"459","author":"Glessner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0087-7","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of copy number variations identifies PARK2 as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.161","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of rare copy number variations reveals PARK2 as a candidate gene for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"19","author":"Jarick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6183","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6183","article-title":"MLPA is a practical and complementary alternative to CMA for diagnostic testing in patients with autism spectrum disorders and identifying new candidate CNVs associated with autism","volume":"6","author":"Capkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.10.020","article-title":"Chromosomal microarray analysis of consecutive individuals with autism spectrum disorders or learning disability presenting for genetic services","volume":"535","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.03.018","article-title":"Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"94","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt, T., Sack, L.M., Arjona, D., Tan, D., Mei, H., Cui, H., Gao, H., Bean, L.J.H., Ankala, A., and Del Gaudio, D. (2019). Adapting ACMG\/AMP sequence variant classification guidelines for single-gene copy number variants. Genet. Med.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-019-0725-5"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0171-7","article-title":"Critical region within 22q11.2 linked to higher rate of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"8","author":"Clements","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.262758.115","article-title":"The three \u2018P\u2019s of mitophagy: PARKIN, PINK1, and post-translational modifications","volume":"29","author":"Durcan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10307","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.703066","article-title":"Parkin Regulates the Activity of Pyruvate Kinase M2","volume":"291","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0170-3","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic analysis of Parkin substrates in Drosophila neurons","volume":"12","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"248","article-title":"Parkin Regulation and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060627","article-title":"Ubiquitination of a new form of alpha-synuclein by parkin from human brain: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"293","author":"Shimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1001-1144","article-title":"Parkin ubiquitinates the alpha-synuclein-interacting protein, synphilin-1: Implications for Lewy-body formation in Parkinson disease","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg269","article-title":"The autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, interacts with and ubiquitinates synaptotagmin XI","volume":"12","author":"Huynh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02593-y","article-title":"Synaptotagmin-11 is a critical mediator of parkin-linked neurotoxicity and Parkinson\u2019s disease-like pathology","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.320077.118","article-title":"Synaptotagmin-11 mediates a vesicle trafficking pathway that is essential for development and synaptic plasticity","volume":"33","author":"Shimojo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.05.006","article-title":"Folding Underlies Bidirectional Role of GPR37\/Pael-R in Parkinson Disease","volume":"38","author":"Leinartaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9846","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703368104","article-title":"GPR37 associates with the dopamine transporter to modulate dopamine uptake and behavioral responses to dopaminergic drugs","volume":"104","author":"Marazziti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20064","article-title":"Pael-R is accumulated in Lewy bodies of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Murakami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201643585","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated receptor GPR37 is an ER chaperone for LRP6","volume":"18","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Embo. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita-Jimbo, E., Yu, Z.L., Li, H., Yamagata, T., Mori, M., Momoi, T., and Momoi, M.Y. (2012). Mutation in Parkinson disease-associated, G-protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37\/PaelR) is related to autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051155"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9046-x","article-title":"Does 22q11.2 deletion syndrome contribute to the genetic aetiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"265","author":"Fung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12687","article-title":"22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome-Associated Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Boot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61601-8","article-title":"Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome: The chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndromes","volume":"370","author":"Kobrynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.103.1.32","article-title":"Congenital absence of the thymus","volume":"103","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9113-x","article-title":"Comparative mapping of the 22q11.2 deletion region and the potential of simple model organisms","volume":"7","author":"Guna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070864","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.4.489","article-title":"Chromosome 22-specific low copy repeats and the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Genomic organization and deletion endpoint analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shaikh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.248682.119","article-title":"The 22q11 low copy repeats are characterized by unprecedented size and structural variability","volume":"29","author":"Demaerel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx053","article-title":"Neuroimaging and clinical features in adults with a 22q11.2 deletion at risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"140","author":"Butcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2059","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005660","article-title":"Typical features of Parkinson disease and diagnostic challenges with microdeletion 22q11.2","volume":"90","author":"Boot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36928","article-title":"Movement disorders and other motor abnormalities in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"167A","author":"Boot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/43900","article-title":"Congenital heart disease in mice deficient for the DiGeorge syndrome region","volume":"401","author":"Lindsay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar6637","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar6637","article-title":"A mouse model of 22q11.2 deletions: Molecular and behavioral signatures of Parkinson\u2019s disease and schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Sumitomo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"3561","article-title":"Systems Analysis of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome Converges on a Mitochondrial Interactome Necessary for Synapse Function and Behavior","volume":"39","author":"Gokhale","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-1-12","article-title":"Fragile X and autism: Intertwined at the molecular level leading to targeted treatments","volume":"1","author":"Hagerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23755","article-title":"FMR1 gray-zone alleles: Association with Parkinson\u2019s disease in women?","volume":"26","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.04.037","article-title":"Parkinsonism in FMR1 premutation carriers may be indistinguishable from Parkinson disease","volume":"15","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.01.006","article-title":"Parkinsonism in fragile X-associated tremor\/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS): Revisited","volume":"20","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309460","article-title":"Concomitant fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinicopathological report of two cases","volume":"86","author":"Doherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0782-7","article-title":"Neuropathology of RAN translation proteins in fragile X-associated tremor\/ataxia syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Krans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0818-z","article-title":"Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome with co-occurrent progressive supranuclear palsy-like neuropathology","volume":"7","author":"Sacino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00317","article-title":"Pathological Study of a FMR1 Premutation Carrier With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"9","author":"Paucar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2012.00779.x","article-title":"Neuropathological, clinical and molecular pathology in female fragile X premutation carriers with and without FXTAS","volume":"11","author":"Tassone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Physiology and Pathology: A Perspective on Cellular Structures and Organelles","volume":"13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","article-title":"Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"276","author":"Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.10.1687","article-title":"Genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00710-6","article-title":"Identification of Spanish familial Parkinson\u2019s disease and screening for the Ala53Thr mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene in early onset patients","volume":"235","author":"Munoz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy157","article-title":"Somatic copy number gains of alpha-synuclein (SNCA) in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy brains","volume":"141","author":"Mokretar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254458.17630.c5","article-title":"Phenotypic variation in a large Swedish pedigree due to SNCA duplication and triplication","volume":"68","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21380","article-title":"Genomic investigation of alpha-synuclein multiplication and parkinsonism","volume":"63","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01021","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of alpha-Synuclein Multiplication in Familial Parkinsonism","volume":"9","author":"Book","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0054-4","article-title":"Genetic fine-mapping of the Iowan SNCA gene triplication in a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Zafar","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0633-1","article-title":"Detecting non-allelic homologous recombination from high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"16","author":"Parks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.09.009","article-title":"Frequency of nonallelic homologous recombination is correlated with length of h Genetic fine-mapping of the Iowan SNCA gene triplication in a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease omology: Evidence that ectopic synapsis precedes ectopic crossing-over","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vona, B., Nanda, I., Neuner, C., Schroder, J., Kalscheuer, V.M., Shehata-Dieler, W., and Haaf, T. (2014). Terminal chromosome 4q deletion syndrome in an infant with hearing impairment and moderate syndromic features: Review of literature. BMC Med. Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-15-72"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320310308","article-title":"Interstitial and terminal deletions of the long arm of chromosome 4: Further delineation of phenotypes","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.3281.2","article-title":"Mice lacking alpha-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system","volume":"3","author":"Sterling","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Refining analyses of copy number variation identifies specific genes associated with developmental delay","volume":"34","author":"Meader","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3092","article-title":"Refining analyses of copy number variation identifies specific genes associated with developmental delay","volume":"46","author":"Coe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0132-6","article-title":"Dementia in Down syndrome: Unique insights for Alzheimer disease research","volume":"15","author":"Lott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"353","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Down Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Head","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00395-5","article-title":"Identification of two distinct synucleins from human brain","volume":"345","author":"Jakes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Febs. Lett."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.9.871","article-title":"The synuclein family","volume":"8","author":"Lavedan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90302-X","article-title":"The precursor protein of non-A beta component of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid is a presynaptic protein of the central nervous system","volume":"14","author":"Iwai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"REVIEWS3002","article-title":"The synucleins","volume":"3","author":"George","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3406","article-title":"The many faces of \u03b1-synuclein: From structure and toxicity to therapeutic target","volume":"14","author":"Lashuel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19536","DOI":"10.1021\/ja208657z","article-title":"Explaining the structural plasticity of alpha-synuclein","volume":"133","author":"Ullman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bras, I.C., Dominguez-Meijide, A., Gerhardt, E., Koss, D., Lazaro, D.F., Santos, P.I., Vasili, E., Xylaki, M., and Outeiro, T.F. (2020). Synucleinopathies: Where we are and where we need to go. J. Neurochem.","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14965"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0578-1","article-title":"Membrane binding, internalization, and sorting of alpha-synuclein in the cell","volume":"6","author":"Masaracchia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13249","article-title":"Structure, function and toxicity of alpha-synuclein: The Bermuda triangle in synucleinopathies","volume":"139","author":"Outeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10129","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0535-12.2012","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein inhibits intersynaptic vesicle mobility and maintains recycling-pool homeostasis","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.023","article-title":"Synucleins Have Multiple Effects on Presynaptic Architecture","volume":"18","author":"Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.004","article-title":"The function of alpha-synuclein","volume":"79","author":"Bendor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32148","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605965200","article-title":"Cytosolic proteins regulate alpha-synuclein dissociation from presynaptic membranes","volume":"281","author":"Kawarai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.042308.113313","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein: Membrane interactions and toxicity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Auluck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710685105","article-title":"The Parkinson\u2019s disease protein alpha-synuclein disrupts cellular Rab homeostasis","volume":"105","author":"Gitler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-08-0827","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein-induced aggregation of cytoplasmic vesicles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"19","author":"Soper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00592","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00592","article-title":"Native alpha-synuclein induces clustering of synaptic-vesicle mimics via binding to phospholipids and synaptobrevin-2\/VAMP2","volume":"2","author":"Diao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195227","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein promotes SNARE-complex assembly in vivo and in vitro","volume":"329","author":"Burre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14810","article-title":"The physiological role of alpha-synuclein and its relationship to Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"150","author":"Sulzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903049116","article-title":"Functional cooperation of alpha-synuclein and VAMP2 in synaptic vesicle recycling","volume":"116","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903054116","article-title":"Synapsins regulate alpha-synuclein functions","volume":"116","author":"Atias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1892-1","article-title":"Synapsin III deficiency hampers alpha-synuclein aggregation, striatal synaptic damage and nigral cell loss in an AAV-based mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"136","author":"Faustini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104789","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein\/synapsin III pathological interplay boosts the motor response to methylphenidate","volume":"138","author":"Faustini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.157867","article-title":"alpha-synuclein and synapsin III cooperatively regulate synaptic function in dopamine neurons","volume":"128","author":"Zaltieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2010.09.004","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Venda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33289","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33289","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein is a Novel Microtubule Dynamase","volume":"6","author":"Cartelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-009-9899-2","article-title":"Molecular interaction of alpha-synuclein with tubulin influences on the polymerization of microtubule in vitro and structure of microtubule in cells","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-03-0302","article-title":"alpha-synuclein and its A30P mutant affect actin cytoskeletal structure and dynamics","volume":"20","author":"Sousa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"916","article-title":"Direct binding and functional coupling of alpha-synuclein to the dopamine transporters accelerate dopamine-induced apoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05757.x","article-title":"Regulation of the norepinephrine transporter by alpha-synuclein-mediated interactions with microtubules","volume":"26","author":"Jeannotte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04900.x","article-title":"Modulation of the trafficking of the human serotonin transporter by human alpha-synuclein","volume":"24","author":"Wersinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.01.064","article-title":"Decreased reuptake of dopamine in the dorsal striatum in the absence of alpha-synuclein","volume":"1382","author":"Chadchankar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200575109","article-title":"Impaired neurotransmission caused by overexpression of alpha-synuclein in nigral dopamine neurons","volume":"109","author":"Lundblad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-007-9227-0","article-title":"Inhibition of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 activity in alpha-synuclein stably transfected SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80886-7","article-title":"Mice lacking alpha-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system","volume":"25","author":"Abeliovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Specht, C.G., and Schoepfer, R. (2001). Deletion of the alpha-synuclein locus in a subpopulation of C57BL\/6J inbred mice. BMC Neurosci., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-2-11"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2003.12.014","article-title":"Deletion of multimerin-1 in alpha-synuclein-deficient mice","volume":"83","author":"Specht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406283101","article-title":"Double-knockout mice for alpha- and beta-synucleins: Effect on synaptic functions","volume":"101","author":"Chandra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06055.x","article-title":"Increased striatal dopamine release and hyperdopaminergic-like behaviour in mice lacking both alpha-synuclein and gamma-synuclein","volume":"27","author":"Senior","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.020","article-title":"Combinational losses of synucleins reveal their differential requirements for compensating age-dependent alterations in motor behavior and dopamine metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"19573","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein knockout mice have cognitive impairments","volume":"107","author":"Polydoro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6194-10.2011","article-title":"Functional alterations to the nigrostriatal system in mice lacking all three members of the synuclein family","volume":"31","author":"Anwar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1995.1063","article-title":"Assignment of human alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and beta-synuclein (SNCB) genes to chromosomes 4q21 and 5q35","volume":"27","author":"Spillantini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.9.1417","article-title":"Organization, expression and polymorphism of the human persyn gene","volume":"7","author":"Ninkina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000112832","article-title":"Red blood cells are the major source of alpha-synuclein in blood","volume":"5","author":"Barbour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/349","article-title":"Persyn, a member of the synuclein family, influences neurofilament network integrity","volume":"1","author":"Buchman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, T.N., Akiyama, T., Lee, H.W., Kim, J.B., Knotts, T.A., Smith, S.R., Sears, D.D., Carstens, E., and Adams, S.H. (2015). Evaluation of the synuclein-gamma (SNCG) gene as a PPARgamma target in murine adipocytes, dorsal root ganglia somatosensory neurons, and human adipose tissue. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115830"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.1035","article-title":"Gamma synuclein: Subcellular localization in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and effect on signal transduction","volume":"49","author":"Surguchov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskelet."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02378.x","article-title":"Developmental loss and resistance to MPTP toxicity of dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra pars compacta of gamma-synuclein, alpha-synuclein and double alpha\/gamma-synuclein null mutant mice","volume":"89","author":"Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.07.015","article-title":"Endogenous alpha-synuclein influences the number of dopaminergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra","volume":"248","author":"Anichtchik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8797","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-20-08797.2002","article-title":"Synaptic vesicle depletion correlates with attenuated synaptic responses to prolonged repetitive stimulation in mice lacking alpha-synuclein","volume":"22","author":"Cabin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0602-600","article-title":"Dopamine-dependent neurotoxicity of alpha-synuclein: A mechanism for selective neurodegeneration in Parkinson disease","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.3.245","article-title":"14-3-3 proteins in Lewy bodies in Parkinson disease and diffuse Lewy body disease brains","volume":"61","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.11.008","article-title":"Transcriptional dysregulation in a transgenic model of Parkinson disease","volume":"29","author":"Yacoubian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1197","article-title":"14-3-3 proteins in the nervous system","volume":"4","author":"Berg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8233","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.22.8233-8245.2003","article-title":"Neurons expressing the highest levels of gamma-synuclein are unaffected by targeted inactivation of the gene","volume":"23","author":"Ninkina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.11.001","article-title":"Absence of alpha-synuclein affects dopamine metabolism and synaptic markers in the striatum of aging mice","volume":"31","author":"Ninkina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.03.026","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein knockout mice have cognitive impairments","volume":"231","author":"Kokhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1134\/S0012496611060081","article-title":"Impaired spatial and working memory in ageing mice with targeted inactivation of alpha-synuclein gene","volume":"441","author":"Kokhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dokl. Biol. Sci.: Proc. Acad. Sci. Ussrbiol. Sci. Sect."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14524","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172514599","article-title":"Resistance of alpha -synuclein null mice to the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP","volume":"99","author":"Dauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, B., Mandir, A.S., West, N., Liu, Y., Andrabi, S.A., Stirling, W., Dawson, V.L., Dawson, T.M., and Lee, M.K. (2011). Resistance to MPTP-neurotoxicity in alpha-synuclein knockout mice is complemented by human alpha-synuclein and associated with increased beta-synuclein and Akt activation. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016706"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.08.018","article-title":"Mice lacking alpha-synuclein are resistant to mitochondrial toxins","volume":"21","author":"Klivenyi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.12.023","article-title":"Increased expression of alpha-synuclein reduces neurotransmitter release by inhibiting synaptic vesicle reclustering after endocytosis","volume":"65","author":"Nemani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8083","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1091-10.2010","article-title":"A pathologic cascade leading to synaptic dysfunction in alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"30","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4529","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein promotes dilation of the exocytotic fusion pore","volume":"20","author":"Logan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0963-y","article-title":"Nigrostriatal overabundance of alpha-synuclein leads to decreased vesicle density and deficits in dopamine release that correlate with reduced motor activity","volume":"123","author":"Gaugler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(03)00020-0","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of selective dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Barzilai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191877","article-title":"Does Developmental Variability in the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Affect Individual Risk for Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease?","volume":"10","author":"Kordower","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02010-2","article-title":"Selective vulnerability in alpha-synucleinopathies","volume":"138","author":"Brimblecombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1755-1","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein oligomers: A new hope","volume":"134","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009399","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009399","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Stefanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00370","article-title":"New Perspectives on Roles of Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317728134","article-title":"Histology Atlas of the Developing Prenatal and Postnatal Mouse Central Nervous System, with Emphasis on Prenatal Days E7.5 to E18.5","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-1-8","article-title":"Midbrain dopaminergic neuron fate specification: Of mice and embryonic stem cells","volume":"1","author":"Gale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-009-9473-4","article-title":"Expression and subcellular location of alpha-synuclein during mouse-embryonic development","volume":"30","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000048700","article-title":"Postnatal expression of alpha-synuclein protein in the rodent substantia nigra and striatum","volume":"23","author":"Jakowec","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199804200-00051","article-title":"The cDNA cloning and ontogeny of mouse alpha-synuclein","volume":"9","author":"Hong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01022","article-title":"Early developmental failure of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in mice lacking the homeodomain gene Pitx3","volume":"131","author":"Smidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3727\/000000007783464911","article-title":"The effect of truncated human alpha-synuclein (1-120) on dopaminergic cells in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Michell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00257","article-title":"Physical biology of human brain development","volume":"9","author":"Budday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001","article-title":"Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species","volume":"106\u2013107","author":"Semple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_212","unstructured":"Brady, S.T., Siegel, G.J., Albers, R.W., and Price, D.L. (2012). Chapter 28 Development of the Nervous System. Basic Neurochemistry (Eighth Edition), Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001","article-title":"Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"30","author":"Lenroot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-003-7080-9","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein expression in the developing human brain","volume":"7","author":"Raghavan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7615","article-title":"Differential expression and distribution of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in the developing human substantia nigra","volume":"168","author":"Galvin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00048","article-title":"The Structure of the Synaptic Vesicle-Plasma Membrane Interface Constrains SNARE Models of Rapid, Synchronous Exocytosis at Nerve Terminals","volume":"10","author":"Gundersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31691","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.354522","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein induces alterations in adult neurogenesis in Parkinson disease models via p53-mediated repression of Notch1","volume":"287","author":"Desplats","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/3305","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus","volume":"4","author":"Eriksson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, D.A., and Alvarez-Buylla, A. (2016). The Adult Ventricular-Subventricular Zone (V-SVZ) and Olfactory Bulb (OB) Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018820"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1867","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits","volume":"7","author":"Lledo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2735-4","article-title":"Review: Adult neurogenesis contributes to hippocampal plasticity","volume":"373","author":"Toda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12496","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian dentate gyrus","volume":"49","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5698\/1535-7597.18.5.329","article-title":"Adult Neurogenesis in the Human Brain: Paradise Lost?","volume":"18","author":"Danzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25975","article-title":"Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults","volume":"555","author":"Sorrells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13198","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603512103","article-title":"Evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis in the human brain","volume":"103","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.044","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the striatum of the adult human brain","volume":"156","author":"Ernst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.088005","article-title":"Neurotransmitter-mediated control of neurogenesis in the adult vertebrate brain","volume":"140","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.01.010","article-title":"It takes a village: Constructing the neurogenic niche","volume":"32","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00359","article-title":"Fundamental Elements in Autism: From Neurogenesis and Neurite Growth to Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Gilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.002","article-title":"Neocortical neurogenesis and the etiology of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"64","author":"Packer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905696106","article-title":"Diminished dosage of 22q11 genes disrupts neurogenesis and cortical development in a mouse model of 22q11 deletion\/DiGeorge syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Meechan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.08.005","article-title":"Three phases of DiGeorge\/22q11 deletion syndrome pathogenesis during brain development: Patterning, proliferation, and mitochondrial functions of 22q11 genes","volume":"29","author":"Meechan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.11.1155","article-title":"Human wild-type alpha-synuclein impairs neurogenesis","volume":"63","author":"Winner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.07.001","article-title":"Impaired olfactory bulb neurogenesis depends on the presence of human wild-type alpha-synuclein","volume":"222","author":"May","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.10.021","article-title":"Severely impaired hippocampal neurogenesis associates with an early serotonergic deficit in a BAC alpha-synuclein transgenic rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"85","author":"Kohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.12.016","article-title":"Mutant alpha-synuclein exacerbates age-related decrease of neurogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Winner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz057","article-title":"The A30P alpha-synuclein mutation decreases subventricular zone proliferation","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.10.005","article-title":"Forebrain overexpression of alpha-synuclein leads to early postnatal hippocampal neuron loss and synaptic disruption","volume":"221","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Oligomer-prone E57K-mutant alpha-synuclein exacerbates integration deficit of adult hippocampal newborn neurons in transgenic mice","volume":"223","author":"Regensburger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.07.013","article-title":"Dopamine receptor activation promotes adult neurogenesis in an acute Parkinson model","volume":"219","author":"Winner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00077","article-title":"Distinct Effects of Chronic Dopaminergic Stimulation on Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Striatal Doublecortin Expression in Adult Mice","volume":"10","author":"Salvi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0806-884","article-title":"Turning neurogenesis up a Notch","volume":"12","author":"Greenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25780","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25780","article-title":"Postnatal dysregulation of Notch signal disrupts dendrite development of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus and contributes to memory impairment","volume":"6","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3934","article-title":"beta2-Adrenoreceptor is a regulator of the alpha-synuclein gene driving risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"357","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1245296","article-title":"Identification and rescue of alpha-synuclein toxicity in Parkinson patient-derived neurons","volume":"342","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byers, B., Cord, B., Nguyen, H.N., Schule, B., Fenno, L., Lee, P.C., Deisseroth, K., Langston, J.W., Pera, R.R., and Palmer, T.D. (2011). SNCA triplication Parkinson\u2019s patient\u2019s iPSC-derived DA neurons accumulate alpha-synuclein and are susceptible to oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026159"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm008","article-title":"Over-expression of alpha-synuclein in human neural progenitors leads to specific changes in fate and differentiation","volume":"16","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flierl, A., Oliveira, L.M., Falomir-Lockhart, L.J., Mak, S.K., Hesley, J., Soldner, F., Arndt-Jovin, D.J., Jaenisch, R., Langston, J.W., and Jovin, T.M. (2014). Higher vulnerability and stress sensitivity of neuronal precursor cells carrying an alpha-synuclein gene triplication. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112413"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1994","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.318","article-title":"Elevated alpha-synuclein caused by SNCA gene triplication impairs neuronal differentiation and maturation in Parkinson\u2019s patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2723-12.2012","article-title":"Role of alpha-synuclein in adult neurogenesis and neuronal maturation in the dentate gyrus","volume":"32","author":"Winner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2276-17.2017","article-title":"Synaptic Regulator alpha-Synuclein in Dopaminergic Fibers Is Essentially Required for the Maintenance of Subependymal Neural Stem Cells","volume":"38","author":"Belenguer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taoufik, E., Kouroupi, G., Zygogianni, O., and Matsas, R. (2018). Synaptic dysfunction in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases: An overview of induced pluripotent stem-cell-based disease models. Open Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.180138"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13713","article-title":"Synaptopathies: Synaptic dysfunction in neurological disorders\u2014A review from students to students","volume":"138","author":"Lepeta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26620","article-title":"Early synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Insights from animal models","volume":"31","author":"Schirinzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3679","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617259114","article-title":"Defective synaptic connectivity and axonal neuropathology in a human iPSC-based model of familial Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"114","author":"Kouroupi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley, B.E., Gardai, S.J., Emig-Agius, D., Bessarabova, M., Ivliev, A.E., Sch\u00fcle, B., Alexander, J., Wallace, W., Halliday, G.M., and Langston, J.W. (2014). Systems-based analyses of brain regions functionally impacted in Parkinson\u2019s disease reveals underlying causal mechanisms. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102909"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150642","article-title":"The Synaptic Function of alpha-Synuclein","volume":"5","author":"Burre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00295","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein: From Early Synaptic Dysfunction to Neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Ghiglieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00080","article-title":"Mechanisms of alpha-Synuclein Induced Synaptopathy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Bridi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4564-06.2007","article-title":"Presynaptic alpha-synuclein aggregates, not Lewy bodies, cause neurodegeneration in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"27","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx352","article-title":"Synaptic markers of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases: A proteomic approach","volume":"141","author":"Bereczki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12297","article-title":"Review: Parkinson\u2019s disease: From synaptic loss to connectome dysfunction","volume":"42","author":"Bellucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy326","article-title":"Nuclear localization and phosphorylation modulate pathological effects of alpha-synuclein","volume":"28","author":"Pinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/16\/5724\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:58:41Z","timestamp":1760176721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/16\/5724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"references-count":263,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21165724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21165724","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0334.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]}}}