{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:21:30Z","timestamp":1781871690788,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":316,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["722619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["734719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["734719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004462","name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B54I19000370005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B54I19000370005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIM-MET\/2115\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIM-MET\/2115\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MEC-MET\/29314\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MEC-MET\/29314\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health","award":["UID\/Multi\/04462\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04462\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide. Due to its association with obesity and diabetes and the fall in hepatitis C virus morbidity, cirrhosis in NAFLD is becoming the most frequent indication to liver transplantation, but the pathogenetic mechanisms are still not completely understood. The so-called gut-liver axis has gained enormous interest when data showed that its alteration can lead to NAFLD development and might favor the occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Moreover, several therapeutic approaches targeting the gut-pancreas-liver axis, e.g., incretins, showed promising results in NASH treatment. In this review, we describe the role of incretin hormones in NAFLD\/NASH pathogenesis and treatment and how metagenomic\/metabolomic alterations in the gut microbiota can lead to NASH in the presence of gut barrier modifications favoring the passage of bacteria or bacterial products in the portal circulation, i.e., bacterial translocation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T09:23:44Z","timestamp":1597310624000},"page":"5820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Gut-Pancreas-Liver Axis as a Target for Treatment of NAFLD\/NASH"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Svegliati-Baroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Injury and Transplant Unit, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, 60020 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Obesity Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2418-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Patr\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Sant\u2032Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gessica","family":"Lioci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2549-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School\/Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Gastaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Sant\u2032Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30251","article-title":"Global Perspectives on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312238","article-title":"Systematic review of bariatric surgery liver biopsies clarifies the natural history of liver disease in patients with severe obesity","volume":"66","author":"Bedossa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2017.09.527","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with different baseline glucose status undergoing bariatric surgery: Analysis of intraoperative liver biopsies and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Souto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. 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