{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:39:41Z","timestamp":1790289581425,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) should be adopted in all neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), where the most preterm and fragile babies are hospitalized and treated with many drugs, considering that organs and metabolic pathways undergo deep and progressive maturation processes after birth. Different developmental changes are involved in interindividual variability in response to drugs. A crucial point of TDM is the choice of the bioanalytical method and of the sample to use. TDM in neonates is primarily used for antibiotics, antifungals, and antiepileptic drugs in clinical practice. TDM appears to be particularly promising in specific populations: neonates who undergo therapeutic hypothermia or extracorporeal life support, preterm infants, infants who need a tailored dose of anticancer drugs. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in this field, showing options for a personalized therapy in newborns and infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T06:33:20Z","timestamp":1597646000000},"page":"5898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Is a Feasible Tool to Personalize Drug Administration in Neonates Using New Techniques: An Overview on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Neonatal Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Umberto","family":"De Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cairoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry Unit, Department of Specialist Pediatrics, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Dionisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry Unit, Department of Specialist Pediatrics, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Santisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Massenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Pathology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Maria","family":"Goffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry Unit, Department of Specialist Pediatrics, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0007-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Dionisi-Vici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry Unit, Department of Specialist Pediatrics, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Auriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00325","article-title":"Key Components for Antibiotic Dose Optimization of Sepsis in Neonates and Infants","volume":"6","author":"Bielicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"5790","article-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neonates: What Makes them Unique?","volume":"23","author":"Mian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. 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