{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T16:59:38Z","timestamp":1761238778863,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI098984","R01AI100933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI098984","R01AI100933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD090065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD090065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The guinea pig is the only small animal model for congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) but requires guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV). Current GPCMV research utilizes prototype strain 22122, which limits the translational impact of GPCMV as numerous human CMV strains exist and cCMV is possible in the setting of re-infection. A novel strain of GPCMV (TAMYC) exhibited differences to 22122 in various glycoproteins with GP74 (gO homolog) the most variable (25% difference). Antibody ELISAs for TAMYC-convalescent animals evoked similar immune response to viral glycoprotein complexes (gB, gH\/gL, gM\/gN, pentamer) and cell-mediated response to pp65 homolog (GP83). Convalescent sera from TAMYC-infected animals neutralized GPCMV infection on fibroblasts but was less effective on epithelial cells. TAMYC-convalescent animals were not protected from dissemination of heterogenous virus challenge (22122). However, in a cCMV protection study, TAMYC-convalescent animals challenged mid-pregnancy (22122) exhibited high-level protection against cCMV compared to seronegative animals with pup transmission reduced from 80% (control) to 12%. Overall, pre-existing immunity in guinea pigs provides limited ability to prevent GPCMV re-infection by a different viral strain but provides a high level of protection against cCMV in heterogenous strain challenge. This level of cross protection against cCMV should be a prerequisite of any CMV vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21175997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T09:35:31Z","timestamp":1597916131000},"page":"5997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Convalescent Immunity to Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Induces Limited Cross Strain Protection against Re-Infection but High-Level Protection against Congenital Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"K. Yeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Microbial Pathogenesis &amp; Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp;M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia S.","family":"El-Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Microbial Pathogenesis &amp; Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp;M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Microbial Pathogenesis &amp; Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp;M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.09.011","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Outcome and diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000168385.39390.1b","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus","volume":"18","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70328-8","article-title":"Newborn hearing screening: Will children with hearing loss caused by congenital cytomegalovirus infection be missed?","volume":"135","author":"Fowler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00062-12","article-title":"The \u201csilent\u201d global burden of congenital cytomegalovirus","volume":"26","author":"Manicklal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.8.1008","article-title":"Maternal immunity and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"289","author":"Fowler","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schleiss, M.R., Permar, S.R., and Plotkin, S.A. (2017). Progress toward Development of a Vaccine against Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 24.","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00268-17"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804749","article-title":"Vaccine prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"360","author":"Pass","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabata, T., Petitt, M., Fang-Hoover, J., Freed, D.C., Li, F., An, Z., Wang, D., Fu, T.M., and Pereira, L. (2019). Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Spread in Developing Placentas. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040135"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050882","article-title":"Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects","volume":"202","author":"Sylwester","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)00405-3","article-title":"Rhesus cytomegalovirus a nonhuman primate model for the study of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"72","author":"Yue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.55.2.402-409.1985","article-title":"The placenta as a site of cytomegalovirus infection in guinea pigs","volume":"55","author":"Griffith","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Benirschke, K. (2004). Guinea Pig Cavia procellus. Comparitive Placentation, University of California. Available online: http:\/\/placentation.ucsd.edu\/guinea.htm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.02.005","article-title":"The Guinea pig placenta: Model of placental growth dynamics","volume":"28","author":"Mess","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.6.929","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus labyrinthitis and sensorineural hearing loss in guinea pigs","volume":"160","author":"Woolf","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, S., Hornig, J., Maddux, S., Choi, K.Y., and McGregor, A. (2015). Viral Glycoprotein Complex Formation, Essential Function and Immunogenicity in the Guinea Pig Model for Cytomegalovirus. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137942"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, S., Choi, K.Y., Root, M., and McGregor, A. (2016). A Homolog Pentameric Complex Dictates Viral Epithelial Tropism, Pathogenicity and Congenital Infection Rate in Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005755"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.03.008","article-title":"Characterization of the guinea pig CMV gH\/gL\/GP129\/GP131\/GP133 complex in infection and spread","volume":"441","author":"Auerbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.06.008","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus UL128 homolog mutants that form a pentameric complex produce virus with impaired epithelial and trophoblast cell tropism and altered pathogenicity in the guinea pig","volume":"509","author":"Coleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001394","article-title":"Requirements for guinea pig cytomegalovirus tropism and antibody neutralization on placental amniotic sac cells","volume":"101","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7902","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00283-16","article-title":"A Novel Non-Replication-Competent Cytomegalovirus Capsid Mutant Vaccine Strategy Is Effective in Reducing Congenital Infection","volume":"90","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1294","article-title":"Identification of an abundant disulfide-linked complex of glycoproteins in the envelope of guinea pig cytomegalovirus","volume":"201","author":"Britt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(02)00258-6","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) in a recombinant baculovirus: Utility for vaccine studies for the prevention of experimental infection","volume":"108","author":"Schleiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1086\/382751","article-title":"Protection against congenital cytomegalovirus infection and disease in guinea pigs, conferred by a purified recombinant glycoprotein B vaccine","volume":"189","author":"Schleiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.078","article-title":"Effects of immunization of pregnant guinea pigs with guinea pig cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B on viral spread in the placenta","volume":"31","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.063","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies to gB based CMV vaccine requires full length antigen but reduced virus neutralization on non-fibroblast cells limits vaccine efficacy in the guinea pig model","volume":"38","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.005","article-title":"Replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors expressing guinea pig cytomegalovirus gB and pp65 homologs are protective against congenital guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"34","author":"Cardin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.019","article-title":"Comparison of monovalent glycoprotein B with bivalent gB\/pp65 (GP83) vaccine for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a guinea pig model: Inclusion of GP83 reduces gB antibody response but both vaccine approaches provide equivalent protection against pup mortality","volume":"33","author":"Swanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Prager, A., Boos, S., Resch, M., Brizic, I., Mach, M., Wildner, S., Scrivano, L., and Adler, B. (2017). Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein complex gH\/gL\/gO uses PDGFR-alpha as a key for entry. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006281"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, K.Y., El-Hamdi, N.S., and McGregor, A. (2019). Inclusion of the Viral Pentamer Complex in a Vaccine Design Greatly Improves Protection against Congenital Cytomegalovirus in the Guinea Pig Model. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01442-19"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hamdi, N.S., Choi, K.Y., and McGregor, A. (2020). Guinea pig cytomegalovirus trimer complex gH\/gL\/gO uses PDGFRA as universal receptor for cell fusion and entry. Virology.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.05.012"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316517110","article-title":"Pentameric complex of viral glycoprotein H is the primary target for potent neutralization by a human cytomegalovirus vaccine","volume":"110","author":"Freed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, S., Li, F., Troutman, M.C., Freed, D.C., Tang, A., Loughney, J.W., Wang, D., Wang, I.M., Vlasak, J., and Nickle, D.C. (2017). Neutralization of Diverse Human Cytomegalovirus Strains Conferred by Antibodies Targeting Viral gH\/gL\/pUL128-131 Pentameric Complex. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02033-16"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11884","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01701-15","article-title":"Vaccine-Derived Neutralizing Antibodies to the Human Cytomegalovirus gH\/gL Pentamer Potently Block Primary Cytotrophoblast Infection","volume":"89","author":"Chiuppesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9872","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.9872-9889.2004","article-title":"Molecular, biological, and in vivo characterization of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (CMV) homologs of the human CMV matrix proteins pp71 (UL82) and pp65 (UL83)","volume":"78","author":"McGregor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1086\/511982","article-title":"Preconceptual administration of an alphavirus replicon UL83 (pp65 homolog) vaccine induces humoral and cellular immunity and improves pregnancy outcome in the guinea pig model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"195","author":"Schleiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362ra145","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf9387","article-title":"A replication-defective human cytomegalovirus vaccine for prevention of congenital infection","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-96-23455","article-title":"Serial propagation of the guinea pig salivary gland virus in tissue culture","volume":"96","author":"Hartley","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9680","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01167-13","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gO isoforms reveals that strains of human cytomegalovirus differ in the ratio of gH\/gL\/gO and gH\/gL\/UL128-131 in the virion envelope","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10841","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.21.10841-10848.2002","article-title":"The genes encoding the gCIII complex of human cytomegalovirus exist in highly diverse combinations in clinical isolates","volume":"76","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20235","article-title":"Stability of human cytomegalovirus genotypes in persistently infected renal transplant recipients","volume":"75","author":"Stanton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.036","article-title":"Linkage of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein gO variant groups identified from worldwide clinical isolates with gN genotypes, implications for disease associations and evidence for N-terminal sites of positive selection","volume":"318","author":"Mattick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegmann, C., Rothemund, F., Laib Sampaio, K., Adler, B., and Sinzger, C. (2019). The N Terminus of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Is Important for Binding to the Cellular Receptor PDGFRalpha. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00138-19"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01669-12","article-title":"A vaccine based on the rhesus cytomegalovirus UL128 complex induces broadly neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques","volume":"87","author":"Wussow","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00883-10","article-title":"Vaccine-induced control of viral shedding following rhesus cytomegalovirus challenge in rhesus macaques","volume":"85","author":"Abel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-008-0074-5","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus-based rhesus cytomegalovirus vaccines in rhesus macaques","volume":"197","author":"Yue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz208","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Genomes Sequenced Directly from Clinical Material: Variation, Multiple-Strain Infection, Recombination, and Gene Loss","volume":"220","author":"Suarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzette, N., Bhattacharjee, B., Jensen, J.D., Gibson, L., and Kowalik, T.F. (2011). Extensive genome-wide variability of human cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected infants. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001344"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, L.Z., Stegmann, C., Schultz, E.P., Lanchy, J.M., Yu, Q., and Ryckman, B.J. (2020). Polymorphisms in Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O (gO) Exert Epistatic Influences on Cell-Free and Cell-to-Cell Spread and Antibody Neutralization on gH Epitopes. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02051-19"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704809114","article-title":"The pentameric complex drives immunologically covert cell-cell transmission of wild-type human cytomegalovirus","volume":"114","author":"Murrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, C.C., Siddiquey, M.N.A., Zhang, H., Li, G., and Kamil, J.P. (2018). Human Cytomegalovirus Tropism Modulator UL148 Interacts with SEL1L, a Cellular Factor That Governs Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation of the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gO. J. Virol., 92.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00688-18"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020448","article-title":"Molecular and biological characterization of a new isolate of guinea pig cytomegalovirus","volume":"6","author":"Schleiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.018994-0","article-title":"Sequential mutations associated with adaptation of human cytomegalovirus to growth in cell culture","volume":"91","author":"Dargan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Cardin, R., Bravo, F., Wang, M., and Bernstein, D.I. (November, January 29). Characterization of New Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Isolates: Differences in Tissue Tropism, Transplacental Transmission, and Cochlear Infection. Proceedings of the Combined meetings of 4th Congenital Cytomegalovirus Conference and 14th International CMV\/Betaherpesvirus Workshop, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00160-08","article-title":"Laboratory strains of murine cytomegalovirus are genetically similar to but phenotypically distinct from wild strains of virus","volume":"82","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.3.1079-1085.1990","article-title":"Cell surface expression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gp55-116 (gB): Use of HCMV-recombinant vaccinia virus-infected cells in analysis of the human neutralizing antibody response","volume":"64","author":"Britt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.2.381","article-title":"Antibodies to recombinant-derived glycoprotein B after natural human cytomegalovirus infection correlate with neutralizing activity","volume":"165","author":"Marshall","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.07.002","article-title":"Development and evidence for efficacy of CMV glycoprotein B vaccine with MF59 adjuvant","volume":"46","author":"Pass","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.092","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus vaccines fail to induce epithelial entry neutralizing antibodies comparable to natural infection","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2003.12.030","article-title":"Identification of essential and non-essential genes of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) genome via transposome mutagenesis of an infectious BAC clone","volume":"101","author":"McGregor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19508-0","article-title":"Antibody responses to rhesus cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B in naturally infected rhesus macaques","volume":"84","author":"Yue","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804365105","article-title":"HCMV gH\/gL\/UL128-131 interferes with virus entry into epithelial cells: Evidence for cell type-specific receptors","volume":"105","author":"Ryckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.0108","article-title":"Biologic activity of guinea pig IFN-gamma in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Schafer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.10.028","article-title":"Guinea pig cytomegalovirus GP84 is a functional homolog of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL84 gene that can complement for the loss of UL84 in a chimeric HCMV","volume":"410","author":"McGregor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/17\/5997\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:08Z","timestamp":1760177048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/17\/5997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21175997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21175997","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]}}}