{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:29:50Z","timestamp":1793017790838,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UKM\/01\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UKM\/01\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the powerhouse of the cells, mitochondria play a very important role in ensuring that cells continue to function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main factors contributing to the development of cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus. In early development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), patients present with myocardial fibrosis, dysfunctional remodeling and diastolic dysfunction, which later develop into systolic dysfunction and eventually heart failure. Cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the development and progression of DCM. Thus, it is important to develop novel therapeutics in order to prevent the progression of DCM, especially by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. To date, a number of studies have reported the potential of phenolic acids in exerting the cardioprotective effect by combating mitochondrial dysfunction, implicating its potential to be adopted in DCM therapies. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a concise overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DCM and the potential role of phenolic acids in combating cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction. Such information can be used for future development of phenolic acids as means of treating DCM by alleviating the cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1598218086000},"page":"6043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: The Possible Therapeutic Roles of Phenolic Acids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatin Farhana","family":"Jubaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satirah","family":"Zainalabidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2351-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanitha","family":"Mariappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Balkis","family":"Budin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045","volume":"138","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0728-6","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007\u20132017","volume":"17","author":"Einarson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(72)90595-4","article-title":"New type of cardiomyopathy associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Rubler","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230510023016","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"229","author":"Hamby","year":"1974","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108843","article-title":"Evidence for cardiomyopathy in familial diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Regan","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12173","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose metabolism in younger \u2018at risk\u2019 UK adults: Insights from the STAND programme of research","volume":"30","author":"Wilmot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1813","article-title":"Rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in children in the UK","volume":"30","author":"Haines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E896","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00047.2004","article-title":"Cardiac mitochondrial damage and biogenesis in a chronic model of type 1 diabetes","volume":"287","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.679597","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited","volume":"115","author":"Boudina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00625-9","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction is associated with altered myocardial metabolism in asymptomatic normotensive patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Diamant","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq239","article-title":"Mitochondria in the diabetic heart","volume":"88","author":"Bugger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirali, K. (2017). Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Focus on Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation. Cardiomyopathies-Types and Treatments, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/62816"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586","article-title":"Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Update of Mechanisms Contributing to This Clinical Entity","volume":"122","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.08.021","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on diabetic heart","volume":"1863","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287","article-title":"Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention","volume":"113","author":"Maron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-012-9313-3","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and clinical features","volume":"18","author":"Miki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.14141","article-title":"Role of serum biomarkers in early detection of diabetic cardiomyopathy in the West Virginian population","volume":"13","author":"Shaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamora, M., and Villena, J.A. (2019). Contribution of Impaired Insulin Signaling to the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112833"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhagani, H., Nasser, S.A., Dakroub, A., El-Yazbi, A.F., Eid, A.A., Kobeissy, F., Pintus, G., and Eid, A.H. (2020). The Mitochondria: A Target of Polyphenols in the Treatment of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144962"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.11.013","article-title":"Cardiac oxidative stress in diabetes: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"172","author":"Faria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00236.2016","article-title":"Expression of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter in cardiac myocytes improves impaired mitochondrial calcium handling and metabolism in simulated hyperglycemia","volume":"311","author":"Suarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1159\/000475942","article-title":"The Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, Empagliflozin, Protects against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Inhibition of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-017-0008-y","article-title":"Hypertension with diabetes mellitus complications","volume":"41","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917578","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8917578","article-title":"Update on RAAS Modulation for the Treatment of Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Bernardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.216","article-title":"Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015357","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy catabolism driving metabolism","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2018.01.03","article-title":"Echocardiographic feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy: Where are we now?","volume":"8","author":"Negishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Zhang, Z., Zheng, C., Wintergerst, K.A., Keller, B.B., and Cai, L. (2020). Mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic strategies: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Nat. Rev. Cardiol., in press.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0339-2"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.09.037","article-title":"Cardioprotective Effects of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) Polyphenol-Rich Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"249","author":"Zainalabidin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Khalil, H., and Alzahrani, T. (2020). Cardiomyopathy Imaging. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2006.12.018","article-title":"Alterations in the diabetic myocardial proteome coupled with increased myocardial oxidative stress underlies diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"42","author":"Hamblin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1682-3","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: Promising potential for diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"53","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.01.009","article-title":"Cardiac mitochondria: A surprise about size","volume":"82","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1096","article-title":"Dipeptidylpeptidase inhibition is associated with improvement in blood pressure and diastolic function in insulin-resistant male Zucker obese rats","volume":"154","author":"Aroor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.12.011","article-title":"Diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis: Cellular effectors, molecular mechanisms and thera-peutic opportunities","volume":"90","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0084","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) polyphenol-rich extract averts cardiac functional and structural abnormalities in type 1 diabetic rats","volume":"43","author":"Zainalabidin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35618","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8343","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibition protects cardiomyocytes from inflammation and apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87491","article-title":"The extracellular matrix in myocardial injury, repair, and remodeling","volume":"127","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01613.x","article-title":"Diabetes influences cardiac extracellular matrix remodelling after myocardial infarction and subsequent development of cardiac dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Eguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-013-9376-9","article-title":"Chronic effects of mild hyperglycaemia on left ventricle transcriptional profile and structural remodelling in the spontaneously type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat","volume":"19","author":"Howarth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2011.08.012","article-title":"Changes in the myocardial interstitium and contribution to the progression of heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Eckhouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.06.001","article-title":"Physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"97","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.9.2389","article-title":"B-type natriuretic pep- tide prevents acute hypertrophic responses in the diabetic rat heart: Importance of cyclic GMP","volume":"52","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-44","article-title":"Early cardiac changes in a rat model of prediabetes: Brain natriuretic peptide overexpression seems to be the best marker","volume":"12","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200301000-00002","article-title":"Cross-linking of glycated collagen in the pathogenesis of arterial and myocardial stiffening of aging and diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Aronson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00012","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS Formation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"7","author":"Kaludercic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0263-9","article-title":"Tampering with springs: Phosphorylation of titin affecting the mechanical function of cardiomyocytes","volume":"9","author":"Hamdani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.03.008","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics in heart disease","volume":"1833","author":"Dorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307505","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolism in aging heart","volume":"118","author":"Lesnefsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI120849","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in pathophysiology of heart failure","volume":"128","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Deshpande, O.A., and Mohiuddin, S.S. (2020). Biochemistry, Oxidative Phophorylation. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing. [Updated 18 December 2019]."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., and Darnell, J. (2000). Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40828-019-0085-4","article-title":"Electron carriers and energy conservation in mitochondrial respiration","volume":"5","author":"Ramsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemTexts"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.03.025","article-title":"Use the Protonmotive Force: Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"430","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02160-5","article-title":"Absolute concentrations of high-energy phosphate metabolites in normal, hypertrophied, and failing human myocardium measured noninvasively with (31)P-SLOOP magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"40","author":"Beer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6293","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Galloway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06015","article-title":"Endothelial Mineralocorticoid Receptor Deletion Prevents Diet-Induced Cardiac Diastolic Dysfunction in Females","volume":"66","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14431","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in the heart: The insight into mechanisms and therapeutic potentials","volume":"176","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.01.005","article-title":"Altered myocardial calcium cycling and energetics in heart failure\u2014A rational approach for disease treatment","volume":"21","author":"Gorski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2015.03.005","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress, antioxidants and vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease (a review)","volume":"71","author":"Siti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, N., Das, A., Chaffee, S., Roy, S., and Sen, C.K. (2018). Chapter 4: Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Damage and Cell Death. Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805417-8.00004-4"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302012000400001","article-title":"The role of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"56","author":"Brondani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-311448","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species signalling in the diabetic heart: Emerging prospect for therapeutic targeting","volume":"104","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp100","article-title":"Oxidative stress induces degradation of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"37","author":"Shokolenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) polyphenol-rich extract prevents the aortic oxidative damage in type 1 diabetic rats","volume":"80","author":"Yusof","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Teknol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.11.008","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia modifies energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species formation in endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"542","author":"Dymkowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.015","article-title":"The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria","volume":"27","author":"Roger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-13-1187","article-title":"Production of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic heart. Roles of mitochondria and NADPH oxidase","volume":"78","author":"Teshima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173206","article-title":"NADPH oxidase: A membrane-bound enzyme and its inhibitors in diabetic complications","volume":"881","author":"Laddha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.572","article-title":"Endothelial NADPH oxidase-2 promotes interstitial cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction through proinflammatory effects and endothelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"63","author":"Murdoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.12.006","article-title":"Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on transforming growth factor beta1-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-fibronectin pathway in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Je\u017eek, J., Cooper, K.F., and Strich, R. (2018). Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Dynamics: The Yin and Yang of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cancer Progression. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7010013"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.11.076","article-title":"Attenuation of Cardiac Functional and Structural Abnormalities by Hibiscus Sabdariffa Polyphenol-Rich Extract in Type-1-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"273","author":"Yusof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0355-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in heart disease","volume":"51","author":"Peoples","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2018.10.016","article-title":"Calcium, mitochondria and cell metabolism: A functional triangle in bioenergetics","volume":"1866","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008050514","article-title":"RAGE-induced cytosolic ROS promote mitochondrial superoxide generation in diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Coughlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00296","article-title":"Functional Mitochondria in Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Herst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders \u2014A step towards mitochondria based therapeutic strategies","volume":"1863","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aronow, W.S., and Murashita, T. (2019). Inflammation and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Inflammatory Heart Diseases, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77708"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1662","article-title":"Cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin converting enzyme inhibition in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"56","author":"Westermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"45","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: Examining the links","volume":"11","author":"Oguntibeju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201540229","article-title":"Intra-mitochondrial signaling: Interactions among mitoKATP, PKC\u03b5, ROS, and MPT","volume":"16","author":"Miliara","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01547","article-title":"The Role of Leukocytes in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"9","author":"Bajpai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2017.00077","article-title":"Inflammasome and autophagy regulation\u2014A two-way street","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00519","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Molecular Marker in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"25","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.009","article-title":"Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis","volume":"36","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00719","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 4 Inhibition Improves Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Health in Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats","volume":"8","author":"Katare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230583","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02305","article-title":"Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome by Phosphorylation","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2279","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"7","author":"Vandanmagsar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9158","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.531202","article-title":"Lysosomes integrate metabolic-inflammatory crosstalk in primary macrophage inflammasome activation","volume":"289","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcpc.ijcpc_1_19","article-title":"Apoptotic cell death in heart failure associated with diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Riswana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clinicopathol. Correl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b15-00288","article-title":"Cell Death in the Cardiac Myocyte","volume":"38","author":"Marunouchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2017.1417631","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease: A brief review","volume":"50","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0304-5","article-title":"Striking a balance: Autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis in a normal and failing heart","volume":"14","author":"Mughal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.073643","article-title":"Regulation of the Apaf-1-caspase-9 apoptosome","volume":"123","author":"Bratton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-985823","article-title":"Apoptosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and diabetes: A feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy?","volume":"39","author":"Kuethe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c160021","article-title":"Pathophysiological fundamentals of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01493","article-title":"Angiotensin II Type I Receptor Antagonism Attenuates Nicotine-Induced Cardiac Remodeling, Dysfunction, and Aggravation of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats","volume":"10","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.145","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A novel mechanism and therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Matrine suppresses cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad pathway in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0762-4","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Ormazabal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.022","article-title":"Attenuation by metallothionein of early cardiac cell death via suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress results in a prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"48","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.2007008","article-title":"Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in myocardial apoptosis of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20171307","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171307","article-title":"Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in diabetic cardiomyopathy involves overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1159\/000489442","article-title":"Resveratrol Modulates Apoptosis and Autophagy Induced by High Glucose and Palmitate in Cardiac Cells","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H633","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00668.2009","article-title":"Enhanced apoptotic propensity in diabetic cardiac mitochondria: Influence of subcellular spatial location","volume":"298","author":"Williamson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H529","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00267.2010","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in the type 2 diabetic heart is associated with alterations in spatially distinct mitochondrial proteomes","volume":"299","author":"Dabkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H359","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00467.2008","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy-associated dysfunction in spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations","volume":"296","author":"Dabkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Tim\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez, A., and Barrientos, A. (2020). Mitochondrial respiratory chain composition and organization in response to changing oxygen levels. J. Life Sci. (Westlake Village), 2."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.03.024","article-title":"Regulation of respiration controlled by mitochondrial creatine kinase in permeabilized cardiac cells in situ. Importance of system level properties","volume":"1787","author":"Guzun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-45082014RB2741","article-title":"Role of the phosphocreatine system on energetic homeostasis in skeletal and cardiac muscles","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H704","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00321.2017","article-title":"Cardiac performance is limited by oxygen delivery to the mitochondria in the crystalloid-perfused working heart","volume":"314","author":"Covian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.09.014","article-title":"Role of fatty acid uptake and fatty acid beta-oxidation in media- ting insulin resistance in heart and skeletal muscle","volume":"1801","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-200511001-00003","article-title":"Rationale for a metabolic approach in diabetic coronary patients","volume":"16","author":"Stanley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H3270","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00887.2007","article-title":"Impaired myocardial metabolic reserve and substrate selection flexibility during stress in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"293","author":"Neglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2904-2","article-title":"Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: What is \u2018double diabetes\u2019 and what are the risks?","volume":"56","author":"Cleland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.97","article-title":"The accelerator hypothesis: A review of the evidence for insulin resistance as the basis for type 1 as well as type II diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Wilkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031314","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"350","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"59","article-title":"The role of inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"4","author":"Nunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Infereron Cytokine Mediat. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60408-4","article-title":"Lipid-induced insulin resistance: Unravelling the mechanism","volume":"375","author":"Samuel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0029","article-title":"Overexpression of sphingosine kinase 1 prevents ceramide accumulation and ameliorates muscle insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"61","author":"Bruce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-14-0092","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance: An update","volume":"4","author":"Montgomery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"263","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Dhalla","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04737","article-title":"Uric acid promotes left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in mice fed a Western diet","volume":"65","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00370","article-title":"Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep. (Amst.)"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"823539","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Dietary Phenolic Acids","volume":"2015","author":"Saibabu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.07.107","article-title":"Ferulic acid inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by angiotensin II","volume":"499","author":"Hou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-2494-0","article-title":"Synergistic interactions of ferulic acid with ascorbic acid: Its cardioprotective role during isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"283","author":"Yogeeta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.40.92","article-title":"Ferulic Acid: Therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property","volume":"40","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.06.011","article-title":"Ferulic acid, a bioactive component of rice bran, improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in mice and in human mononuclear cells","volume":"48","author":"Werner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500034","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Exerts Anti-apoptotic Effects against Ischemic Injury by Activating HSP70\/Bcl-2- and HSP70\/Autophagy-Mediated Signaling after Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats","volume":"47","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2017.07.001","article-title":"SERCA control of cell death and survival","volume":"69","author":"Chemaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12452","article-title":"High glucose induced calcium overload via impairment of SERCA\/PLN pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction leads to oxidative stress in H9c2 cells and amelioration with ferulic acid","volume":"33","author":"Swapna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30323","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v60.30323","article-title":"Cytoprotective mechanism of ferulic acid against high glucose induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes","volume":"60","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.12.004","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of diallyl trisulfide on high glucose-induced apoptosis are mediated by the PI3K\/Akt-dependent activation of Nrf2 in cardiomyocytes","volume":"168","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.12.012","article-title":"The Keap1-Nrf2 system and diabetes mellitus","volume":"566","author":"Uruno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1901","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis: A potential role for Nrf2","volume":"10","author":"Walters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.04.007","article-title":"Ferulic acid alleviates the symptoms of diabetes in obese rats","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.10.007","article-title":"Nrf2 is critical in defense against high glucose-induced oxidative damage in cardiomyocytes","volume":"46","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160125114503","article-title":"Insights into Effects of Ellagic Acid on the Nervous System: A Mini Review","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003729","article-title":"Review of nut phytochemicals, fat-soluble bioactives, antioxidant components and health effects","volume":"113","author":"Alasalvar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.010","article-title":"Ellagic acid antagonizes Bnip3-mediated mitochondrial injury and necrotic cell death of cardiac myocytes","volume":"112","author":"Dhingra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414665111","article-title":"Bnip3 mediates doxorubicin-induced cardiac myocyte necrosis and mortality through changes in mitochondrial signaling","volume":"111","author":"Dhingra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bevacizumab as a monoclonal antibody inhibits mitochondrial complex II in isolated rat heart mitochondria: Ameliorative effect of ellagic acid","volume":"23","author":"Atashbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115618247","article-title":"Ellagic acid protects against arsenic toxicity in isolated rat mitochondria possibly through the maintaining of complex II","volume":"35","author":"Keshtzar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2015.1095064","article-title":"Gallic Acid: Review of the Methods of Determination and Quantification","volume":"46","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2013.08.003","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activity and effect of Parkia biglobosa bark extract on mitochondrial redox status","volume":"7","author":"Komolafe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.03.007","article-title":"Comparative cytotoxicity of alkyl gallates on mouse tumor cell lines and isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"146","author":"Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17186","DOI":"10.17795\/jjnpp-17186","article-title":"Protective effects of co-administration of gallic Acid and cyclosporine on rat myocardial morphology against ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"9","author":"Dianat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657512","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/657512","article-title":"Antiapoptotic actions of methyl gallate on neonatal rat cardiac myocytes exposed to H2O2","volume":"2014","author":"Khurana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.08.015","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate potentially attenuates Fluoride induced oxidative stress mediated cardiotoxicity and dyslipidemia in rats","volume":"29","author":"Miltonprabu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2014.920955","article-title":"(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuated myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-18-30","article-title":"Salvianolic acids: Small compounds with multiple mechanisms for cardiovascular protection","volume":"18","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.02.013","article-title":"Isolation and purification of salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza by high-speed counter-current chromatography and comparison of their antioxidant activity","volume":"877","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.06.034","article-title":"Characterization of the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of danshensu and salvianolic acid B","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200700149","article-title":"Chromatographic fingerprinting analysis of Danshen root (Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma) and its preparations using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI\/MS)","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.04.061","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of salvianolic acid A on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"615","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90083-S","article-title":"Protection by salvianolic acid A against adriamycin toxicity on rat heart mitochondria","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.12.020","article-title":"Salvianolic acids prevent acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in mice through suppression of oxidative stress","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt966","article-title":"Engineering plants with increased levels of the antioxidant chlorogenic acid","volume":"22","author":"Niggeweg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.067","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid ameliorates isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats by stabilizing mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes","volume":"85","author":"Akila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(02)00184-6","article-title":"Desmin cytoskeleton: A potential regulator of muscle mitochondria behavior and function","volume":"12","author":"Capetenaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.006","article-title":"A chlorogenic acid-phospholipid complex ameliorates post-myocardial infarction inflammatory response mediated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in SAMP8 mice","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.93316","article-title":"Comparative study of rosmarinic acid content in some plants of Labiatae family","volume":"8","author":"Shekarchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.07.024","article-title":"Rosmarinic Acid suppressed high glucose-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells by ameliorating the mitochondrial function and activating STAT3","volume":"477","author":"Diao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099320","article-title":"The pathophysiology of mitochondrial cell death","volume":"305","author":"Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1461","article-title":"Chemoprotective effect of plant phenolics against anthracycline-induced toxicity on rat cardiomyocytes. Part II. caffeic, chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids","volume":"18","author":"Sousek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiokias, S., Proestos, C., and Oreopoulou, V. (2020). Phenolic Acids of Plant Origin-A Review on Their Antioxidant Activity In Vitro (O\/W Emulsion Systems) Along with Their in Vivo Health Biochemical Properties. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040534"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000211Y.0000000009","article-title":"Antihypertensive and antioxidant potential of vanillic acid, a phenolic compound in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats: A dose-dependence study","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-010-9098-3","article-title":"Preventive effects of vanillic acid on lipids, bax, bcl-2 and myocardial infarct size on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats: A biochemical and in vitro study","volume":"11","author":"Prince","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovas. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01091.x","article-title":"Antioxidative characteristics and inhibition of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated melanogenesis of vanillin and vanillic acid from Origanum vulgare","volume":"19","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.278718","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of vanillic acid against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rat","volume":"15","author":"Baniahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vanillic Acid Alleviates Acute Myocardial Hypoxia\/Reoxygenation Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress","volume":"2020","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)01195-0","article-title":"Analysis of wine phenolics by high performance liquid chromatography using a monolithic type column","volume":"973","author":"Castellari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-015-0125-3","article-title":"Pyrrolidinyl caffeamide against ischemia\/reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes through AMPK\/AKT pathways","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-015-1098-1","article-title":"TM-1-1DP exerts protective effect against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury via AKT-eNOS pathway","volume":"388","author":"Ku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-010-0187-9","article-title":"Caffeic acid protects rat heart mitochondria against isoproterenol-induced oxidative damage","volume":"15","author":"Kumaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-018-0857-2","article-title":"Superoxide Formation in Cardiac Mitochondria and Effect of Phenolic Antioxidants","volume":"77","author":"Dudylina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/17\/6043\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:03Z","timestamp":1760177103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/17\/6043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21176043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21176043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]}}}