{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:50:07Z","timestamp":1779241807762,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of mRNA stability. Their features, including high stability and secretion to biofluids, make them attractive as potential biomarkers for diverse pathologies. This is the first study reporting miRNA as potential biomarkers for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), an adult-onset myopathy. We hypothesized that miRNA that is differentially expressed in affected muscles from OPMD patients is secreted to biofluids and those miRNAs could be used as biomarkers for OPMD. We first identified candidate miRNAs from OPMD-affected muscles and from muscles from an OPMD mouse model using RNA sequencing. We then compared the OPMD-deregulated miRNAs to the literature and, subsequently, we selected a few candidates for expression studies in serum and saliva biofluids using qRT-PCR. We identified 126 miRNAs OPMD-deregulated in human muscles, but 36 deregulated miRNAs in mice only (pFDR &lt; 0.05). Only 15 OPMD-deregulated miRNAs overlapped between the in humans and mouse studies. The majority of the OPMD-deregulated miRNAs showed opposite deregulation direction compared with known muscular dystrophies miRNAs (myoMirs), which are associated. In contrast, similar dysregulation direction was found for 13 miRNAs that are common between OPMD and aging muscles. A significant age-association (p &lt; 0.05) was found for 17 OPMD-deregulated miRNAs (13.4%), whereas in controls, only six miRNAs (1.4%) showed a significant age-association, suggesting that miRNA expression in OPMD is highly age-associated. miRNA expression in biofluids revealed that OPMD-associated deregulation in saliva was similar to that in muscles, but not in serum. The same as in muscle, miRNA expression levels in saliva were also found to be associated with age (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the majority of OPMD-miRNAs were found to be associated with dysphagia as an initial symptom. We suggest that levels of specific miRNAs in saliva can mark muscle degeneration in general and dysphagia in OPMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1598218086000},"page":"6059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Age-Associated Salivary MicroRNA Biomarkers for Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3152-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vered","family":"Raz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6609-0649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemarie H. M. J. M.","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailiang","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sequence Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"Buermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Lassche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Horlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert De","family":"Swart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Kalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Harish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW2 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Vissing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Righospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Kielbasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sequence Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baziel G. M.","family":"van Engelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-030015","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Regulators of gene expression and cell differentiation","volume":"108","author":"Shivdasani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1451-2","article-title":"Applications of miRNAs in cardiac development, disease progression and regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. 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