{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:30:32Z","timestamp":1789500632081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The rampant growth of obesity worldwide has stimulated explosive research into human metabolism. Energy expenditure has been shown to be altered by diets differing in macronutrient composition, with low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets eliciting a significant increase over other interventions. The central aim of this study was to explore the effects of the ketone \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate (\u03b2HB) on mitochondrial bioenergetics in adipose tissue. Methods: We employed three distinct systems\u2014namely, cell, rodent, and human models. Following exposure to elevated \u03b2HB, we obtained adipose tissue to quantify mitochondrial function. Results: In every model, \u03b2HB robustly increased mitochondrial respiration, including an increase of roughly 91% in cultured adipocytes, 113% in rodent subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and 128% in human SAT. However, this occurred without a commensurate increase in adipose ATP production. Furthermore, in cultured adipocytes and rodent adipose, we quantified and observed an increase in the gene expression involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling status following \u03b2HB exposure. Conclusions: In conclusion, \u03b2HB increases mitochondrial respiration, but not ATP production, in mammalian adipocytes, indicating altered mitochondrial coupling. These findings may partly explain the increased metabolic rate evident in states of elevated ketones, and may facilitate the development of novel anti-obesity interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T06:06:22Z","timestamp":1598767582000},"page":"6255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Ketones Elicit Distinct Alterations in Adipose Mitochondrial Bioenergetics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chase M.","family":"Walton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel M.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake W.","family":"Dallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin R.","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantelle L. H.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1383-0666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lance E.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Hyldahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Bikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017\u20132018","volume":"360","author":"Hales","year":"2020","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","article-title":"Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014","volume":"315","author":"Flegal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"452","article-title":"Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin-resistance syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Despres","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-0917-5","article-title":"A role for sphingolipids in the pathophysiology of obesity-induced inflammation","volume":"69","author":"Bikman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. 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