{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:28:46Z","timestamp":1790026126071,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20fk0210075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20fk0210075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection occasionally leads to a critical condition in patients with or without chronic liver diseases. Acute-on-chronic liver disease includes acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and non-ACLF. In this review, we searched the literature concerning the association between HAV infection and chronic liver diseases in PubMed. Chronic liver diseases, such as metabolic associated fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, coinfection with other viruses, and host genetic factors may be associated with severe hepatitis A. It is important to understand these conditions and mechanisms. There may be no etiological correlation between liver failure and HAV infection, but there is an association between the level of chronic liver damage and the severity of acute-on-chronic liver disease. While the application of an HAV vaccination is important for preventing HAV infection, the development of antivirals against HAV may be important for preventing the development of ACLF with HAV infection as an acute insult. The latter is all the more urgent given that the lives of patients with HAV infection and a chronic liver disease of another etiology may be at immediate risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T08:40:26Z","timestamp":1599122426000},"page":"6384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Co-Occurrence of Hepatitis A Infection and Chronic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Kanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reina","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Masuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Mizutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazushige","family":"Nirei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiko","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01887.x","article-title":"Clinical features and predictors of outcome in acute hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus hepatitis on cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Saraswat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09946-3","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): An update","volume":"13","author":"Sarin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"180","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in patients with acute hepatitis; is severe obesity a risk factor for fulminant hepatitis in Japan?","volume":"52","author":"Kanda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1394-2","article-title":"Nationwide survey for acute liver failure and late-onset hepatic failure in Japan","volume":"53","author":"Nakao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"201","article-title":"Is hepatitis A more severe in patients with chronic hepatitis B and other chronic liver diseases?","volume":"90","author":"Keeffe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03908.x","article-title":"Influence of load of hepatitis A virus on disease severity and its relationship with clinical manifestations in patients with hepatitis A","volume":"20","author":"Sainokami","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, K., Nakayama, N., Kato, N., Yokosuka, O., Tsubouchi, H., Takikawa, H., Mochida, S., and Intractable Hepato-Biliary Diseases Study Group of Japan (2020). Infectious complications and timing for liver transplantation in autoimmune acute liver failure in Japan: A subanalysis based on nationwide surveys between 2010 and 2015. J. Gastroenterol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-020-01699-3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2012.00988.x","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak associated with a revolving sushi bar in Chiba, Japan: Application of molecular epidemiology","volume":"42","author":"Tominaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380503","article-title":"Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"338","author":"Vento","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806113382413","article-title":"Hepatitis associated with hepatitis A superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"338","author":"Mele","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2015.00016","article-title":"Direct-acting Antivirals and Host-targeting Agents against the Hepatitis A Virus","volume":"3","author":"Kanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318228d7da","article-title":"Acute on chronic liver disease in children from the developing world: Recognition and prognosis","volume":"54","author":"Jagadisan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.09.11","article-title":"Acute on chronic liver failure in non-alcoholic fatty liver and alcohol associated liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Singal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9106-x","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL)","volume":"3","author":"Sarin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9217-z","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in acute-on-chronic liver failure in children","volume":"5","author":"Lal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.08.013","article-title":"Hepatitis E and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.08.006","article-title":"A Case of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) Due to An Uncommon Acute and Chronic Event","volume":"8","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25443","article-title":"NASH Is the Most Rapidly Growing Etiology for Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure-Related Hospitalization and Disease Burden in the United States: A Population-Based Study","volume":"25","author":"Axley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200601000-00018","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-positive patients predisposes for acute-on-chronic liver failure: Two cases","volume":"18","author":"Kahraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1584-9","article-title":"Prolonged hepatitis caused by cytomegalovirus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in 16-year-old obese boy","volume":"164","author":"Kanda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404264","article-title":"Fulminant hepatitis A in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"91","author":"Lefilliatre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.06.012","article-title":"An outbreak of hepatitis A virus infection with a high case-fatality rate among injecting drug users","volume":"43","author":"Spada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"International Consensus Panel. MAFLD: A Consensus-Driven Proposed Nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13345","article-title":"Deteriorated outcome of recent patients with acute liver failure and late-onset hepatic failure caused by infection with hepatitis A virus: A subanalysis of patients seen between 1998 and 2015 and enrolled in nationwide surveys in Japan","volume":"49","author":"Nakao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.11.003","article-title":"Patients with Diabetes Mellitus are Prone to Develop Severe Hepatitis and Liver Failure due to Hepatitis Virus Infection","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.12.080","article-title":"Free fatty acids or high-concentration glucose enhances hepatitis A virus replication in association with a reduction in glucose-regulated protein 78 expression","volume":"483","author":"Win","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3533","article-title":"Knockdown of glucose-regulated protein 78 enhances poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in human pancreatic cancer cells exposed to endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4407","article-title":"Glucose-regulated protein 78 is an antiviral against hepatitis A virus replication","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00018.x","article-title":"Fulminant hepatitis in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"7","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1985.tb00244.x","article-title":"Acute viral hepatitis superimposed on alcoholic liver cirrhosis: Clinical and histopathologic features","volume":"5","author":"Feller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1377-0","article-title":"Non-hepatic insults are common acute precipitants in patients with acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF)","volume":"55","author":"Duseja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890290303","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, B, and D viruses and human T-lymphocyte tropic viruses in Japanese drug abusers","volume":"29","author":"Kiyosawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2000.0781","article-title":"Infection of hepatitis A virus in Japanese haemophiliacs","volume":"42","author":"Hayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz843","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis a Immunity and Decision-tree Analysis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Are Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Tokyo","volume":"71","author":"Koibuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2012.01009.x","article-title":"Hepatitis A, B, C and E virus markers in Chinese residing in Tokyo, Japan","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37349-1","article-title":"Very low prevalence of anti-HAV in Japan: High potential for future outbreak","volume":"9","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2019.275","article-title":"Comparison of the Clinical Features of Hepatitis A in People Living with HIV between Pandemics in 1999-2000 and 2017-2018 in the Metropolitan Area of Japan","volume":"73","author":"Koga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10018-1304","article-title":"Surveillance of Hepatitis Viruses in Several Small Islands of Japan by Ship: A Public Health Approach for Elimination of Hepatitis Viruses by 2030","volume":"9","author":"Akao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euroasian J. Hepatogastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00137-3","article-title":"Risk groups for hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"21","author":"Franco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1316473","article-title":"The burden of liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"32","author":"Puoti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207782193902","article-title":"Increasing hepatitis A IgG prevalence rate in men who have sex with men attending a sexual health clinic in London: Implications for immunization policy","volume":"18","author":"Goh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.01.019","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, hepatitis B and varicella virus in people living with HIV in Ireland","volume":"10","author":"Sadlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-019-00768-w","article-title":"Missed Opportunities for Hepatitis A Vaccination Among MSM Initiating PrEP","volume":"45","author":"Cohall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10163","article-title":"Prolonged hepatitis A infection in an HIV-1 seropositive patient","volume":"68","author":"Allavena","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.08.010","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus-associated fulminant hepatitis with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection","volume":"26","author":"Maki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanda, T., Sasaki, R., Masuzaki, R., Matsumoto, N., Ogawa, M., and Moriyama, M. (2020). Cell Culture Systems and Drug Targets for Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050533"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30454","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.5.30454","article-title":"Outbreak of hepatitis A associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), England, July 2016 to January 2017","volume":"22","author":"Beebeejaun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30468","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.8.30468","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) predominantly linked with the EuroPride, the Netherlands, July 2016 to February 2017","volume":"22","author":"Freidl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"46","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brescia (Northern Italy), July 2016\u2013July 2017","volume":"26","author":"Comelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12926","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and associated factors of acute hepatitis A outbreak among HIV-coinfected men who have sex with men in Taiwan, June 2015\u2013December 2016","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Viral. Hepat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053395","article-title":"Clinical and virological features of acute hepatitis A during an ongoing outbreak among men who have sex with men in the North of France","volume":"95","author":"Boucher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13313","article-title":"Full-genome characterization of the RIVM-HAV16-090-like hepatitis A virus strains recovered from Japanese men who have sex with men, with sporadic acute hepatitis A","volume":"49","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13082","article-title":"The impact of HIV infection and men who have sex with men status on hepatitis A infection: The experience of two tertiary centres in Northern Italy during the 2017 outbreak and in the 2009\u20132016 period","volume":"26","author":"Lombardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6818a2","article-title":"Increase in Hepatitis A Virus Infections\u2014United States, 2013\u20132018","volume":"68","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1557988319895141","article-title":"Acute Hepatitis A Outbreak Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Krakow, Poland; February 2017-February 2018","volume":"13","author":"Wickramasuriya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Tsai, P.H., Tsai, M.S., Chiang, Y.H., Shih, C.Y., Liu, C.Y., Chuang, Y.C., and Yang, C.J. (2020). Effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination among people living with HIV in Taiwan: Is one dose enough?. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1985.tb00258.x","article-title":"Double infections with hepatitis A and B viruses","volume":"5","author":"Tassopoulos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00021.x","article-title":"What did we learn from the Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic?","volume":"7","author":"Cooksley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1086\/503840","article-title":"Clinical and virological improvement of hepatitis B virus-related or hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis with concomitant hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"42","author":"Sagnelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9204-4","article-title":"Comparison of effects of hepatitis E or A viral superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24417","article-title":"Clinical analysis of patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B superinfected with other hepadnaviruses","volume":"88","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i9.1651","article-title":"Seroconversion of HBsAG coincides with hepatitis A super-infection: A case report","volume":"8","author":"Beisei","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1999.11813480","article-title":"Acute, hepatitis-A super-infection in HBV carriers, or chronic liver disease related to HBV or HCV","volume":"93","author":"Pramoolsinsap","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00012.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis A in Asia and experience with the HAV vaccine in Hong Kong","volume":"7","author":"Sung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1999.00628.x","article-title":"Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"13","author":"Tsang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00020.x","article-title":"A virological perspective on the need for vaccination","volume":"7","author":"Locarnini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurata, R., Kodama, Y., Takamura, N., and Gomi, H. (2020). Hepatitis A in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: Impending risk during the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020. J. Infect. Chemother.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.04.010"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02172-1","article-title":"Hepatitis A vaccination in chronic liver disease: Is it really required in a tropical country like India?","volume":"25","author":"Joshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"785","article-title":"Should one vaccinate patients with chronic liver disease for hepatitis A virus in India?","volume":"52","author":"Anand","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.210107.x","article-title":"Suppression of hepatitis B virus replication mediated by hepatitis A-induced cytokine production","volume":"21","author":"Pontesilli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80322-9","article-title":"Inhibition of the expression of hepatitis A and B viruses (HAV and HBV) proteins by interferon in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line (PLC\/PRF\/5)","volume":"25","author":"Berthillon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishii, T., Tamura, A., Shibata, T., Kuroda, K., Kanda, T., Sugiyama, M., Mizokami, M., and Moriyama, M. (2020). Analysis of HBV Genomes Integrated into the Genomes of Human Hepatoma PLC\/PRF\/5 Cells by HBV Sequence Capture-Based Next-Generation Sequencing. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11060661"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.32795","article-title":"Superinfection of hepatitis A virus in hepatocytes infected with hepatitis B virus","volume":"16","author":"Win","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"556","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C virus infection, 1986-2001: A rare cause of fulminant hepatitis in Chiba, Japan","volume":"51","author":"Kanda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus with RNA polymerase chain reaction in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"22","author":"Villamil","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00019.x","article-title":"Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"7","author":"Vento","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.07.023","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus infection suppresses hepatitis C virus replication and may lead to clearance of HCV","volume":"45","author":"Deterding","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.11.015","article-title":"Clearance of HCV RNA following acute hepatitis A superinfection","volume":"41","author":"Cacopardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27847","article-title":"Novel perspectives for hepatitis A virus therapy revealed by comparative analysis of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis A virus RNA replication","volume":"62","author":"Harak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6707","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6707","article-title":"Hepatic flares in chronic hepatitis C: Spontaneous exacerbation vs hepatotropic viruses superinfection","volume":"20","author":"Sagnelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200107000-00006","article-title":"Risks associated with hepatitis A and hepatitis B in patients with hepatitis C","volume":"33","author":"Koff","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(03)00061-6","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus infection in hepatitis C Brazilian patients","volume":"47","author":"Devalle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20830","article-title":"Susceptibility to hepatitis A in patients with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C virus infection: Missed opportunities for vaccination","volume":"42","author":"Shim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e318063ecc5","article-title":"Does the race or gender of hepatitis C infected patients influence physicians\u2019 assessment of hepatitis A and hepatitis B serologic status?","volume":"100","author":"Ramsay","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05575.x","article-title":"Should Brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection be vaccinated against hepatitis A virus?","volume":"24","author":"Villar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/410362","article-title":"Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination responses in persons with chronic hepatitis C infections: A review of the evidence and current recommendations","volume":"19","author":"Buxton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24024","article-title":"Meeting vaccination quality measures for hepatitis A and B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection","volume":"53","author":"Kramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25683","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus vaccination in persons with hepatitis C virus infection: Consequences of quality measure implementation","volume":"56","author":"Rowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014","volume":"8","author":"Sarin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.11.045","article-title":"EASL-CLIF Consortium CANONIC Study. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: A new syndrome that will re-classify cirrhosis","volume":"62","author":"Arroyo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29773","article-title":"NACSELD acute-on-chronic liver failure (NACSELD-ACLF) score predicts 30-day survival in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis","volume":"67","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25513","article-title":"Variants in ABCB1, TGFB1, and XRCC1 genes and susceptibility to viral hepatitis A infection in Mexican Americans","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2018_107","article-title":"Association of Toll-like receptor 4 with hepatitis A virus infection in Assam","volume":"62","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.24","article-title":"Genome-wide genetic investigation of serological measures of common infections","volume":"23","author":"Rubicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.10.012","article-title":"Viral excretion and antibody titers in children infected with hepatitis A virus from an orphanage in western India","volume":"73","author":"Hundekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001218","article-title":"The Impact of Vaccination Efforts on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of the Hepatitis A Outbreak in Michigan, 2016-2018","volume":"31","author":"Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.27489","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Japanese rice-koji miso extracts on hepatitis A virus replication in association with the elevation of glucose-regulated protein 78 expression","volume":"15","author":"Win","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2019-0031","article-title":"Antiviral activity of zinc sulfate against hepatitis A virus replication","volume":"14","author":"Ogawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, L., Liu, P., Yang, P., Gao, Q., Li, H., Sun, Y., Zhu, L., Lin, J., Su, D., and Rao, Z. (2019). Structural basis for neutralization of hepatitis A virus informs a rational design of highly potent inhibitors. PLoS Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000229"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-212","article-title":"Inhibitory effects on HAV IRES-mediated translation and replication by a combination of amantadine and interferon-alpha","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2012.0021","article-title":"Interleukin-29 suppresses hepatitis A and C viral internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation","volume":"25","author":"Kanda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.03.212","article-title":"Amantadine inhibits hepatitis A virus internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation in human hepatoma cells","volume":"331","author":"Kanda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2010.00617.x","article-title":"Internal ribosomal entry-site activities of clinical isolate-derived hepatitis A virus and inhibitory effects of amantadine","volume":"40","author":"Kanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.09.083","article-title":"The sirtuin inhibitor sirtinol inhibits hepatitis A virus (HAV) replication by inhibiting HAV internal ribosomal entry site activity","volume":"466","author":"Kanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.02.058","article-title":"The JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 inhibits hepatitis A virus replication in Huh7 cells","volume":"458","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00803.x","article-title":"Identification of a surface glycoprotein on African green monkey kidney cells as a receptor for hepatitis A virus","volume":"15","author":"Kaplan","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43983","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43983","article-title":"Cellular entry and uncoating of naked and quasi-enveloped human hepatoviruses","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, A., Barrientos, R., Shiota, T., Madigan, V., Misumi, I., McKnight, K.L., Sun, L., Li, Z., Meganck, R.M., and Li, Y. (2020). Gangliosides are essential endosomal receptors for quasi-enveloped and naked hepatitis A virus. Nat. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0727-8"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-016-0700-5","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus genotype IA-infected patient with marked elevation of aspartate aminotransferase levels","volume":"10","author":"Miura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.279","article-title":"A Cluster of Hepatitis A Infections Presumed to be Related to Asari Clams and Investigation of the Spread of Viral Contamination from Asari Clams","volume":"72","author":"Tsukada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14655","article-title":"Characteristics of acute hepatitis A virus infection before and after 2001: A hospital-based study in Tokyo, Japan","volume":"34","author":"Kogiso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7847","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007847","article-title":"Fatal acute hepatic failure in a family infected with the hepatitis A virus subgenotype IB: A case report","volume":"96","author":"Yoshida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.102677","article-title":"Role of high-volume plasma exchange in a case of a G6PD deficient patient presenting with HAV related acute liver failure and concomitant acute renal failure","volume":"58","author":"Bajpai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30262","article-title":"A Model to Predict 1-Month Risk of Transplant or Death in Hepatitis A-Related Acute Liver Failure","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06784-x","article-title":"CXCL10 is produced in hepatitis A virus-infected cells in an IRF3-dependent but IFN-independent manner","volume":"7","author":"Sung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0103","article-title":"Conjugated Bilirubin Upregulates TIM-3 Expression on CD4(+)CD25(+) T Cells: Anti-Inflammatory Implications for Hepatitis A Virus Infection","volume":"31","author":"Panduro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.277","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-producing T-regulatory Cells Are Associated With Severe Liver Injury in Patients With Acute Hepatitis A","volume":"154","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190669","article-title":"Inherited IL-18BP deficiency in human fulminant viral hepatitis","volume":"216","author":"Belkaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02166-y","article-title":"Human genetic basis of fulminant viral hepatitis","volume":"139","author":"Jouanguy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.11.025","article-title":"Innate-like Cytotoxic Function of Bystander-Activated CD8(+) T Cells Is Associated with Liver Injury in Acute Hepatitis A","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033464","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033464","article-title":"Innate Immunity to Enteric Hepatitis Viruses","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i24.3791","article-title":"Prolonged acute hepatitis A mimicking autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"11","author":"Mikata","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000413","article-title":"Serological markers of autoimmunity in children with hepatitis A: Relation to acute and fulminant presentation","volume":"27","author":"Sira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.08.010","article-title":"Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: Distinctive features and clinical relevance","volume":"61","author":"Albillos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, D., Zhang, D., Yang, T., Mu, J., Zhao, P., Xu, J., Li, C., Cheng, G., Wang, Y., and Chen, Z. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on patients with compensated chronic liver diseases. Hepatol. Int., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10058-6"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-009-0108-6","article-title":"Opportunistic infection in the patients with acute liver failure: A report of three cases with one fatality","volume":"2","author":"Arai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-013-9514-4","article-title":"Opportunistic infection in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"8","author":"Arai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.399","article-title":"Infectious complications, steroid use and timing for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: Analysis in a Japanese center","volume":"23","author":"Yasui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.10.01","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure in liver transplant candidates with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"5","author":"Doycheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25788","article-title":"Liver Transplantation for Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Science or Fiction?","volume":"26","author":"Trebicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundaram, V., Mahmud, N., Perricone, G., Katarey, D., Wong, R.J., Karvellas, C.J., Fortune, B.E., Rahimi, R.S., Maddur, H., and Jou, J.H. (2020). Long-term outcomes of patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Transpl.","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25831"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"89","article-title":"Imported Infections in Rural Mid-West United States\u2014A Report from a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"117","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarial\u0130o\u011elu, F., Belen, F.B., and Hayran, K.M. (2020). Hepatitis A susceptibility parallels high COVID-19 mortality. Turk. J. Med. Sci.","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2007-133"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13468","article-title":"Incidence of acute hepatitis A among HIV-positive patients during an outbreak among MSM in Taiwan: Impact of HAV vaccination","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800133","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.14.1800133","article-title":"Outbreak of hepatitis A virus infection in Taiwan, June 2015 to September 2017","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"30","article-title":"CDC provides advice on recent hepatitis A outbreaks","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6637a7","article-title":"Notes from the Field: Increase in Reported Hepatitis A Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men - New York City, January-August 2017","volume":"66","author":"Latash","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2018.07.009","article-title":"Acute hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus during the 2017 epidemic expansion in Asturias. Spain","volume":"152","author":"Fraile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mello, V.M., Lago, B.V., Sousa, P.S.F., Mello, F.C.A., Souza, C.B., Pinto, L.C.M., Ginuino, C.F., Fernandes, C.A.S., Aguiar, S.F., and Villar, L.M. (2019). Hepatitis A Strain Linked to the European Outbreaks During Gay Events between 2016 and 2017, Identified in a Brazilian Homosexual Couple in 2017. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030281"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minosse, C., Messina, F., Garbuglia, A.R., Meschi, S., Scognamiglio, P., Capobianchi, M.R., Ippolito, G., and Lanini, S. (2020). Origin of HAV strains responsible for 2016-2017 outbreak among MSM: Viral phylodynamics in Lazio region. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234010"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101939108","article-title":"Acute hepatitis A virus infection is associated with a limited type I interferon response and persistence of intrahepatic viral RNA","volume":"108","author":"Lanford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9198","article-title":"Activation of intracellular signaling by hepatitis B and C viruses: C-viral core is the most potent signal inducer","volume":"32","author":"Kato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310000654a","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus VP3 may activate serum response element associated transcription","volume":"38","author":"Kanda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04253.x","article-title":"Hepatitis A protein VP1-2A reduced cell viability in Huh-7 cells with hepatitis C virus subgenomic RNA replication","volume":"21","author":"Kanda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11920","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.23.11920-11930.2002","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus inhibits cellular antiviral defense mechanisms induced by double-stranded RNA","volume":"76","author":"Brack","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8325","article-title":"MAVS-dependent host species range and pathogenicity of human hepatitis A virus","volume":"353","author":"Hensley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611506104","article-title":"Disruption of innate immunity due to mitochondrial targeting of a picornaviral protease precursor","volume":"104","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"618","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus (HAV) proteinase 3C inhibits HAV IRES-dependent translation and cleaves the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein","volume":"17","author":"Kanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12375","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01695-07","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection induces the beta interferon signaling pathway in immortalized human hepatocytes","volume":"81","author":"Kanda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9369","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.15.9369-9380.2005","article-title":"Stealth and cunning: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses","volume":"79","author":"Wieland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dash, S., Aydin, Y., and Moroz, K. (2019). Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Liver: Good or Bad?. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111308"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.038","article-title":"SNX10 mediates alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis by regulating the activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy","volume":"69","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53702-4","article-title":"New insight into the mechanisms of ectopic fat deposition improvement after bariatric surgery","volume":"9","author":"Angelini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1086\/338152","article-title":"Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on acute hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"34","author":"Ida","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i20.3589","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus infection and hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: A review","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/17\/6384\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:06:05Z","timestamp":1760177165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/17\/6384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21176384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21176384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}}}