{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T11:24:44Z","timestamp":1774524284711,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11140906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11140906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, whose progression and stability are modulated, among other factors, by an innate and adaptive immune response. Prodiginines are bacterial secondary metabolites with antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities; however, their effect on the progression or vulnerability of atheromatous plaque has not been evaluated. This study assessed the therapeutic potential of prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin on inflammatory marker expression and atherosclerosis. An in vitro and in vivo study was carried out. Migration, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and angiogenesis assays were performed on cell types involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. In addition, male LDL receptor null (Ldlr-\/-) C57BL\/6J mice were treated with prodigiosin or undecylprodigiosin for 28 days. Morphometric analysis of atherosclerotic plaques, gene expression of atherogenic factors in the aortic sinus and serum cytokine quantification were performed. The treatments applied had slight effects on the in vitro tests performed, highlighting the inhibitory effect on the migration of SMCs (smooth muscle cells). On the other hand, although no significant difference in atherosclerotic plaque progression was observed, gene expression of IL-4 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) was downregulated. In addition, 50 \u00b5g\/Kg\/day of both treatments was sufficient to inhibit circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) in serum. These results suggested that prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin modulated inflammatory markers and could have an impact in reducing atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T08:40:26Z","timestamp":1599122426000},"page":"6417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prodigiosin Modulates the Immune Response and Could Promote a Stable Atherosclerotic Lession in C57bl\/6 Ldlr-\/- Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8245-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina de Laboratorio\u2014CeMLab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina de Laboratorio\u2014CeMLab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco CP 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5112-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco CP 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela F.","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo\u2013SP 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo\u2013SP 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dulcineia S. P.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo\u2013SP 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2014.01.024","article-title":"Promoting cardiovascular health worldwide: Strategies, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"67","author":"Castellano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastrana, J.L., Sha, X., Virtue, A., Mai, J., Cueto, R., Lee, I.A., Wang, H., and Yang, X. (2013). Regulatory T Cells and Atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Exp. 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