{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:05:34Z","timestamp":1787623534994,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["National Eye Institute (1K08EY027458, YMP PI)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Eye Institute (1K08EY027458, YMP PI)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photoacoustic microscopy is a novel, non-ionizing, non-invasive imaging technology that evaluates tissue absorption of short-pulsed light through the sound waves emitted by the tissue and has numerous biomedical applications. In this study, a custom-built multimodal imaging system, including photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), has been developed to evaluate choroidal vascular occlusion (CVO). CVO was performed on three living rabbits using laser photocoagulation. Longitudinal imaging of CVO was obtained using multiple imaging tools such as color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), OCT, and PAM. PAM images were acquired at different wavelengths, ranging from 532 to 700 nm. The results demonstrate that the CVO was clearly observed on PAM in both two dimensions (2D) and 3D with high resolution longitudinally over 28 days. In addition, the location and margin of the CVO were distinguished from the surrounding choroidal vasculature after the injection of ICG contrast agent. PAM imaging was achieved using a laser energy of approximately 80 nJ, which is about half of the American National Standards Institute safety limit. The proposed imaging technique may provide a potential tool for the evaluation of different chorioretinal vascular disease pathogeneses and other biological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]],"date-time":"2020-09-06T23:12:49Z","timestamp":1599433969000},"page":"6508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["High Resolution Multimodal Photoacoustic Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography Visualization of Choroidal Vascular Occlusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Van Phuc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"},{"name":"NTT Hi-tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2539-8321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueding","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-628X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis M.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.04.008","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"156","author":"Tsuiki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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