{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:26:38Z","timestamp":1785522398904,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL133013, R01 D K103750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL133013, R01 D K103750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 AG 051857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 AG 051857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UL1TR001430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR001430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16GRNT27660006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16GRNT27660006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and as rates continue to increase, discovering mechanisms and therapeutic targets become increasingly important. An underlying cause of most cardiovascular diseases is believed to be excess reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Glutathione, the most abundant cellular antioxidant, plays an important role in the body\u2019s reaction to oxidative stress by forming reversible disulfide bridges with a variety of proteins, termed glutathionylation (GSylation). GSylation can alter the activity, function, and structure of proteins, making it a major regulator of cellular processes. Glutathione-protein mixed disulfide bonds are regulated by glutaredoxins (Glrxs), thioltransferase members of the thioredoxin family. Glrxs reduce GSylated proteins and make them available for another redox signaling cycle. Glrxs and GSylation play an important role in cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, and atherosclerosis. This review primarily concerns the role of GSylation and Glrxs, particularly glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx), in cardiovascular diseases and the potential of Glrx as therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T20:44:13Z","timestamp":1600289053000},"page":"6803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Role of Glutaredoxin-1 and Glutathionylation in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6091-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mannix","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0136-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Husain Mustafa","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Luptak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi M.","family":"Hamburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus M.","family":"Bachschmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1097\/IJ9.0000000000000017","article-title":"The rising prevalence of obesity","volume":"2","author":"Agha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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