{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:31:40Z","timestamp":1783949500142,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology &amp; Innovation (MOSTI) Malaysia","award":["03-01-05-SF0847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03-01-05-SF0847"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the separation of two heavy metals, Cd(II) and Cu(II), from the mixed synthetic feed using a liquid-liquid extraction. The current study uses tri-octyl methylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) as the extractant (with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a phase modifier), diluted in toluene, in order to investigate the selective extraction of Cd(II) over Cu(II) ions. We investigate the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a masking agent for Cu(II), when added in aqueous feed, for the selective extraction of Cd(II). Five factors that influence the selective extraction of Cd(II) over Cu(II) (the equilibrium pH (pHeq), Aliquat 336 concentration (Aliquat 336), TBP concentration (TBP), EDTA concentration (EDTA), and organic to aqueous ratio (O:A)) were analyzed. Results from a 25\u20131 fractional factorial design show that Aliquat 336 significantly influenced Cd(II) extraction, whereas EDTA was statistically significant for the antagonistic effect on the E% of Cu(II) in the same system. Moreover, results from optimization experiment showed that the optimum conditions are Aliquat 336 concentration of 99.64 mM and EDTA concentration of 48.86 mM\u2014where 95.89% of Cd(II) was extracted with the least extracted Cu(II) of 0.59%. A second-order model was fitted for optimization of Cd(II) extraction with a R2 value of 0.998, and ANOVA results revealed that the model adequately fitted the data at a 5% significance level. Interaction between Aliquat 336 and Cd(II) has been proven via FTIR qualitative analysis, whereas the addition of TBP does not affect the extraction mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T10:22:23Z","timestamp":1600424543000},"page":"6860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Optimization for Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Cd(II) over Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Ionic Liquid Aliquat 336 with Tributyl Phosphate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lai Yee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norhashimah","family":"Morad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norli","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Rafatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2013.09.016","article-title":"Solvent extraction recovery and separation of cadmium and copper from sulphate solution","volume":"1","author":"Bidari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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