{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:50:35Z","timestamp":1790016635485,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lichens, composite organisms resulting from the symbiotic association between the fungi and algae, produce a variety of secondary metabolites that exhibit pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of the secondary metabolite atraric acid produced by Heterodermia hypoleuca. The results confirmed that atraric acid could regulate induced pro-inflammatory cytokine, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, induced nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Meanwhile, atraric acid downregulated the expression of phosphorylated I\u03baB, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u03baB) signaling pathway to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Based on these results, the anti-inflammatory effect of atraric acid during LPS-induced endotoxin shock in a mouse model was confirmed. In the atraric acid treated-group, cytokine production was decreased in the peritoneum and serum, and each organ damaged by LPS-stimulation was recovered. These results indicate that atraric acid has an anti-inflammatory effect, which may be the underlying molecular mechanism involved in the inactivation of the ERK\/NF\u03baB signaling pathway, demonstrating its potential therapeutic value for treating inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T08:57:32Z","timestamp":1601024252000},"page":"7070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Atraric Acid Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells and Mouse Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Seul-Ki","family":"Mun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Yun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suncheon Research Center for National Medicines, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Yeol","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suncheon Research Center for National Medicines, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ho","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Gyeol","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Wook","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-4322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Jo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Seoun","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Education, Korea Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5108-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Tae","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00012-1","article-title":"Circulating markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"169","author":"Lind","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2001.0872","article-title":"Dual acting anti-inflammatory drugs: A reappraisal","volume":"44","author":"Bertolini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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