{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:35:50Z","timestamp":1783474550313,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, both in men and women. The vast majority of patients are diagnosed with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC, 80\u201385% of lung cancer cases). Therapeutics named immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment in the last decade. They are monoclonal antibodies, and those directed against PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) or PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1) have been used in the treatment of lung cancer and significantly improved the prognosis of NSCLC patients. However, during treatment with ICIs, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can occur in any organ and any tissue. At the same time, although cardiac irAEs are relatively rare compared to irAEs in other organs, they have a high mortality rate. The two most common clinical manifestations of immunotherapy-related cardiotoxicity are myocarditis and pericarditis. Various types of arrhythmias have been reported in patients treated with ICIs, including the occurrence of life-threatening complete atrioventricular block or ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Here, we aim to summarize the incidence, clinical manifestations, underlying mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for ICI-associated cardiotoxicity as these issues become very important in view of the increasing use of ICI in the treatment of lung cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"7195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Cardiac Toxicity in Patients Treated for Non-Small Lung Cancer: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1974-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"S\u0142awi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology &amp; Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Debinki 7 Street, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology &amp; Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5546-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"D\u0105browska-Kugacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology &amp; Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Debinki 7 Street, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Raczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology &amp; Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Debinki 7 Street, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Lewicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology &amp; Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Debinki 7 Street, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29045","article-title":"Analysis of stage and clinical\/prognostic factors for lung cancer from SEER registries: AJCC staging and collaborative stage data collection system","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082492","article-title":"Blockade of CTLA-4 on both effector and regulatory T cell compartments contributes to the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies","volume":"206","author":"Peggs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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