{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:42:16Z","timestamp":1790710936300,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS 092145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS 092145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are degenerative conditions of the retina and a significant cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), the most common dementia of the elderly, is often associated with AMD and glaucoma. The cardinal features of AD include extracellular accumulation of amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2) and intracellular deposits of hyper-phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Neuroinflammation and brain iron dyshomeostasis accompany A\u03b2 and p-tau deposits and, together, lead to progressive neuronal death and dementia. The accumulation of A\u03b2 and iron in drusen, the hallmark of AMD, and A\u03b2 and p-tau in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), the main retinal cell type implicated in glaucoma, and accompanying inflammation suggest overlapping pathology. Visual abnormalities are prominent in AD and are believed to develop before cognitive decline. Some are caused by degeneration of the visual cortex, while others are due to RGC loss or AMD-associated retinal degeneration. Here, we review recent information on A\u03b2, p-tau, chronic inflammation, and iron dyshomeostasis as common pathogenic mechanisms linking the three degenerative conditions, and iron chelation as a common therapeutic option for these disorders. Additionally discussed is the role of prion protein, infamous for prion disorders, in A\u03b2-mediated toxicity and, paradoxically, in neuroprotection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T09:39:25Z","timestamp":1601631565000},"page":"7290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Retinal Degeneration and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Evolving Link"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4354-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Ashok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neena","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vindhya","family":"Bellamkonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander E","family":"Kritikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4035-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron S","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dallas","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rithvik","family":"Ayyagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02196-w","article-title":"The physiological roles of tau and Abeta: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and therapeutics","volume":"140","author":"Kent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160612","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer\u2019s disease Neurons","volume":"57","author":"Rajmohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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