{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1790421477555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":311,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n (Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n\/European Regional Development Fund, European Union)","award":["SAF2016-75442-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF2016-75442-R"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola Contra el C\u00e1ncer","award":["CICPF18030TORI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CICPF18030TORI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), a T-cell malignant disease that mainly affects children, is still a medical challenge, especially for refractory patients for whom therapeutic options are scarce. Recent advances in immunotherapy for B-cell malignancies based on increasingly efficacious monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been encouraging for non-responding or relapsing patients suffering from other aggressive cancers like T-ALL. However, secondary life-threatening T-cell immunodeficiency due to shared expression of targeted antigens by healthy and malignant T cells is a main drawback of mAb\u2014or CAR-based immunotherapies for T-ALL and other T-cell malignancies. This review provides a comprehensive update on the different immunotherapeutic strategies that are being currently applied to T-ALL. We highlight recent progress on the identification of new potential targets showing promising preclinical results and discuss current challenges and opportunities for developing novel safe and efficacious immunotherapies for T-ALL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T05:45:51Z","timestamp":1602913551000},"page":"7685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Facts and Challenges in Immunotherapy for T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6662-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Bay\u00f3n-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactions with the Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-0373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Toribio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactions with the Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactions with the Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.111.4.1257","article-title":"T cell surface markers on lymphoblasts from acute lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"111","author":"Borella","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. 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