{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:07:55Z","timestamp":1790388475244,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-16-0263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-16-0263"]}]},{"name":"The Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-15-0142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0142"]}]},{"name":"The Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-15-0607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0607"]}]},{"name":"The Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-19-0540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-19-0540"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Grant Agency VEGA SR","award":["2\/0141\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\/0141\/18"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Grant Agency VEGA SR","award":["2\/0104\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\/0104\/20"]}]},{"name":"ITMS","award":["26230120009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26230120009"]}]},{"name":"COST EU Cardioprotection action","award":["CA16225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is an essential mineral participating in different functions of the organism under physiological conditions. Numerous biological processes, such as oxygen and lipid metabolism, protein production, cellular respiration, and DNA synthesis, require the presence of iron, and mitochondria play an important role in the processes of iron metabolism. In addition to its physiological role, iron may be also involved in the adaptive processes of myocardial \u201cconditioning\u201d. On the other hand, disorders of iron metabolism are involved in the pathological mechanisms of the most common human diseases and include a wide range of them, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, iron also exerts potentially deleterious effects that may be manifested under conditions of ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) injury, myocardial infarction, heart failure, coronary artery angioplasty, or heart transplantation, due to its involvement in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, iron has been recently described to participate in the mechanisms of iron-dependent cell death defined as \u201cferroptosis\u201d. Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other types of cell death. Ferroptosis has been shown to be associated with I\/R injury and several other cardiac diseases as a significant form of cell death in cardiomyocytes. In this review, we will discuss the role of iron in cardiovascular diseases, especially in myocardial I\/R injury, and protective mechanisms stimulated by different forms of \u201cconditioning\u201d with a special emphasis on the novel targets for cardioprotection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1603679694000},"page":"7889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["The Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Metabolism and Its Role in Cardiac Dysfunction and Cardioprotection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8804-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya","family":"Ravingerov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 9 D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 Cesta, 84104 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Kindernay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 9 D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 Cesta, 84104 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Bartekov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 9 D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 Cesta, 84104 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Ferko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 9 D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 Cesta, 84104 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Adameov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 9 D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 Cesta, 84104 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 10 Odboj\u00e1rov st., 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladislava","family":"Zohdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 2 Sasinkova st., 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iveta","family":"Bern\u00e1tov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1 Sienkiewiczova st., 81371 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9950-6287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Ferenczyov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 9 D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 Cesta, 84104 Bratislava, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigone","family":"Lazou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-070511-103700","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex i","volume":"82","author":"Hirst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. 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