{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:25:03Z","timestamp":1790889903340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2015R1C1A1A02036985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2015R1C1A1A02036985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute liver injury (ALI) causes life-threatening clinical problem, and its underlying etiology includes inflammation and apoptosis. An adenosine A2A receptor agonist, polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the current study, the protective effect of PDRN against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced ALI was investigated using mice. For the induction of ALI, mice received intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 twice over seven days. Mice from the PDRN-treated groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 200 \u03bcL saline containing PDRN (8 mg\/kg), once a day for seven days, starting on day 1 after the first CCl4 injection. In order to confirm that the action of PDRN occurs through the adenosine A2A receptor, 8\u202fmg\/kg 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX), an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, was treated with PDRN. Administration of CCl4 impaired liver tissue and increased the liver index and histopathologic score. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased, and apoptosis was induced by the administration of CCl4. Administration of CCl4 activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and facilitated phosphorylation of signaling factors in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In contrast, PDRN treatment suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited apoptosis. PDRN treatment inactivated NF-\u03baB and suppressed phosphorylation of signaling factors in MAPK. As a result, liver index and histopathologic score were reduced by PDRN treatment. When PDRN was treated with DMPX, the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect of PDRN disappeared. Therefore, PDRN can be used as an effective therapeutic agent for acute liver damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1603679694000},"page":"7894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-\u03baB\/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Il-Gyu","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Jang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakkyong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seunghwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5471-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Phil","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Won","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, J.C., Chiu, C.S., Chen, Y.C., Lee, M.S., Hao, X.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Kao, C.P., and Peng, W.H. 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